Historical Chinese anthems comprise a number of official and unofficial national anthems of China composed during the Qing dynasty and the Republic of China.
"Chinese national anthem" may refer to:
Quasi-official
In 1896, for purposes of diplomatic missions to Western Europe and Russia, Li Hongzhang (Zhongtang being a term of respect for a vizier or prime minister) employed in political lyrics combined with classical Chinese music to create a song later known as the "Tune of Li Zhongtang" (æÂÂä¸Âå Âæ¨Â).
Quasi-official
After the Department of the Army was established in 1906, Praise the Dragon Flag became the army song, and has been played at formal occasions overseas.
ù 堠usually means one trillion (10<sup>12</sup>), but it could mean one million (10<sup>6</sup>), and should have that value here in the song for factual accuracy. See Chinese numerals for details.
Official
Cup of Solid Gold became the first official national anthem of the Qing Empire in less than a week when the Wuchang Uprising occurred in 1911. It lasted for about four months until the end of the empire and the establishment of the Republic of China. It is in classical Chinese.
Provisional
After the establishment of the provisional government in Nanjing, the Ministry of Education under Cai Yuanpei asked the public for possible anthems (as well as coats of arms), and "Song of Five Races under One Union" (äºÂæÂÂå ±åÂÂæÂÂ), with lyrics by Shen Enfu (æ²Âæ©åÂÂ) and music by Shen Pengnian (æ²Âå½Âå¹´), was released as a draft in the newspaper.
Unofficial
Also called "Patriotic Song" (æÂÂÃ¥ÂÂæÂÂ), "How Great is Our China!" (泱泱åÂÂï¼ÂæÂÂä¸Âè¯ï¼Â) has lyrics written by Liang Qichao and music by overseas Chinese at Datong School (大åÂÂå¸校), Yokohama. Released in 1912, it became quite popular, especially among students.
Official
The Song to the Auspicious Cloud has two versions, one used in 1913 and another after 1920.
On April 8, 1913, this national anthem was used in the opening ceremony of the 1st Regular Council; the last line was added by Wang Baorong (汪寶榮), with other lines from Shang Shu; it was set to music by Jeans Hautstont.
In November 1919, Duan Qirui established the National Anthem Research Committee (Ã¥ÂÂæÂÂç Â究æÂÂ), which adopted:
The anthem was released in July 1921 by the Department of National Affairs (Ã¥ÂÂÃ¥ÂÂé¢).
ù糺 (jià « "collaborate") is sometimes written as ç³¾ (jià « "investigate") or ç¹ (zhë "to web")
Official
After general Yuan Shikai became head of state, the Ritual Regulations Office (禮å¶館) issued the new official anthem, China Heroically Stands in the Universe (ä¸ÂÃ¥ÂÂéÂÂç«Âå®Âå®ÂéÂÂ) in June 1915. Its lyrics were written by Yin Chang (å»ÂæÂÂ) and music by Wang Lu (çÂÂé²).
Provisional
Written by officers of the Whampoa Military Academy, the "Revolution of the Citizens" song (Ã¥ÂÂæ°Âé©å½æÂÂ, Guomin Geming Ge), sung to the tune of "Frère Jacques (commonly known as "Two Tigers" in China)," was released on July 1, 1926.
When the Chinese Soviet Republic was established in 1931, The Internationale in Chinese was decided to be its national anthem, since it followed the ideals of communism, especially the Soviet Union.