Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ÃÂ (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.
All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.
Some masculine words ending in -à(like pitàand kartÃÂ) retain 'ÃÂ' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.
The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:
<small><sup>1</sup> Rarely used in Urdu.</small>
Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun à ¤Âà ¤ª âþ (ÃÂp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition à ¤Âà ¤¾ éç (kÃÂ) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.
The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:
In the table below, ⦠represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.