"Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" is an English Christmas carol authored by Charles Wesley in 1739. The carol, based on Luke 2:8âÂÂ14, describes an angelic chorus singing of Christ's nativity.
Wesley's version, entitled "Hymn for Christmas-Day", consisted of ten four-line verses. The version most commonly sung today includes six of these, arranged into three eight-line verses, with a refrain. The modern text incorporates revisions made by a number of authors, among them George Whitefield, who altered the opening couplet from "Hark how all the rings / Glory to the King of Kings" to the familiar "Hark! the herald angels sing / Glory to the newborn King".
Various settings have been used for the carol. Since the mid-19th century, it has usually been sung to a melody from Felix Mendelssohn's Festgesang zum Gutenbergfest (1840), originally composed for the 400th anniversary of the invention of the printing press.
"Hymn for Christmas-Day" first appeared in Hymns and Sacred Poems (1739), compiled by Charles Wesley and his brother John. George Whitefield, who, like the Wesleys, was an early leader of the Methodist movement, subsequently included it in his Collection of Hymns for Social Worship (1753). Whitefield omitted the eighth and tenth verses and made various revisions to the remaining ones, chief of which was the alteration of the opening couplet. Whitefield's version was included in Martin Madan's Collection of Psalms and Hymns (1760) with another significant change, namely the alteration of the end of verse two to "With th' angelic host proclaim / Christ is born in Bethlehem".
The carol made its first appearance in an Anglican publication in 1782, when it was included in a supplement to Tate and Brady's New Version of the Psalms of David. The New Version and its supplement were bound up with all copies of the Book of Common Prayer, which enabled the carol to diffuse widely, becoming one of the "great four" Anglican hymns. A final change occurred when it was added to Hymns Ancient and Modern (1861), namely the alteration of the end of verse four to "Pleased as man with man to dwell / Jesus, our Emmanuel".
In 1855, British musician William Hayman Cummings, organist at Waltham Abbey Church, adapted a movement from Felix Mendelssohn's secular Festgesang to fit the lyrics of "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing". Wesley had originally envisioned the words being sung to the same tune as his Easter hymn "Christ the Lord Is Risen Today".
In Britain, the carol is popularly performed in an arrangement that retains Cummings' original harmonisation of the Mendelssohn tune for the first two verses, but adds a soprano descant and a last verse harmonisation for the organ in verse three, by Sir David Willcocks. This arrangement was first published in 1961 by Oxford University Press in the first book of the Carols for Choirs series. For many years it has served as the recessional hymn of the annual Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College Chapel, Cambridge.
An uncommon arrangement of the hymn to the tune "See, the Conqu'ring hero comes" from Handel's Judas Maccabaeus, normally associated with the hymn "Thine Be the Glory", is traditionally used as the recessional hymn of the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. This is broadcast live each year on Christmas Eve on RTÃÂ Radio 1. The usual three verses are divided into six, each with a refrain. The arrangement features a brass fanfare with drums in addition to the cathedral organ, and takes about seven and a half minutes to sing.
The Victorian organist W. H. Jude, in his day a popular composer, also composed a new setting of the work, published in his Music and the Higher Life.
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