Quadrigyridae is the only family within Gyracanthocephala, an order of parasitic worms of class Eoacanthocephala. This family contains two subfamilies, ten genera and about 92 species.
Species
Species in Quadrigyridae are divided into two subfamilies: Pallisentinae <small>Van Cleave, 1928</small> with five genera and Quadrigyrinae <small>Van Cleave, 1920</small> with three.
Pallisentinae <small>Van Cleave, 1928</small>
Acanthogyrus
Golvan in 1959 divided the genus Acanthogyrus <small>Thapar, 1927</small> into two subgenera: Acanthogyrus and Acanthosentis based on the number of proboscis hooks; there are 18 (3 circles of 6 hooks each) in Acanthosentis and 24 (3 circles of 8 hooks each) in Acanthogyrus.
Acanthogyrus (Acanthogyrus) <small>Thapar, 1927</small>
- Acanthogyrus acanthogyrus <small>Thapar, 1927</small>
- Acanthogyrus tripathi <small>Rai, 1967</small>
Acanthogyrus (Acanthosentis) <small>Verma and Datta, 1929</small>
- Acanthogyrus acanthuri <small>(Cable and Quick, 1954)</small>
- Acanthogyrus adriaticus <small>Amin, 2005</small>
- Acanthogyrus alternatspinus <small>Amin, 2005</small>
- Acanthogyrus anguillae <small>(Wang, 1981)</small>
- Acanthogyrus antespinus <small>(Verma and Datta, 1929)</small>
- Acanthogyrus arii <small>(Bilqees, 1971)</small>
- Acanthogyrus bacailai <small>(Verma, 1973)</small>
- Acanthogyrus barmeshoori <small>Amin, Gholami, Akhlaghi and Heckmann, 2013</small>
- Acanthogyrus betwai <small>(Tripathi, 1956)</small>
- Acanthogyrus bilaspurensis <small>(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)</small>
- Acanthogyrus cameroni <small>(Gupta and Kajaji, 1969)</small>
- Acanthogyrus cheni <small>Amin, 2005</small>
- Acanthogyrus dattai <small>(Podder, 1938)</small>
- Acanthogyrus giuris <small>(Soota and Sen, 1956)</small>
- Acanthogyrus gobindi <small>(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1987)</small>
- Acanthogyrus golvani <small>(Gupta and Jain, 1980)</small>
- Acanthogyrus heterospinus <small>(Khan and Bilqees, 1990)</small>
- Acanthogyrus holospinus <small>(Sen, 1937)</small>
- Acanthogyrus indicus <small>(Tripathi, 1959)</small>
- Acanthogyrus intermedius <small>(Achmerov and Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941)</small>
- Acanthogyrus lizae <small>(Wang, 1986)</small>
- Acanthogyrus malawiensis <small>Amin and Hendrix, 1999</small>
- Acanthogyrus maroccanus <small>(Dollfus, 1951)</small>
- Acanthogyrus multispinus <small>Wang, 1966</small>
- Acanthogyrus nigeriensis <small>Dollfus and Golvan, 1956</small>
- Acanthogyrus papilo <small>Troncy and Vassiliades, 1974</small>
- Acanthogyrus parareceptaclis <small>Amin, 2005</small>
- Acanthogyrus partispinus <small>(Furtado, 1963)</small>
- Acanthogyrus paucispinus <small>Wang, 1966</small>
- Acanthogyrus periophthalmi <small>(Wang, 1980)</small>
- Acanthogyrus phillipi <small>(Mashego, 1988)</small>
- Acanthogyrus putitorae <small>(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)</small>
- Acanthogyrus scomberomori <small>(Wang, 1980)</small>
- Acanthogyrus seenghalae <small>(Chowhan, Gupta and Khera, 1988)</small>
- Acanthogyrus shashiensis <small>(Tso, Chen, and Chien, 1974)</small>
- Acanthogyrus shuklai <small>(Agrawal and Singh, 1982)</small>
- Acanthogyrus siamensis <small>(Farooqi and Sirikanchana, 1987)</small>
- Acanthogyrus similis <small>(Wang, 1980)</small>
- Acanthogyrus sircari <small>(Podder, 1941)</small>
- Acanthogyrus thapari <small>(Parasad, Sahay and Shambhunath, 1969)</small>
- Acanthogyrus tilapiae <small>(Baylis, 1948)</small>
- Acanthogyrus vancleavei <small>(Gupta and Fatma, 1986)</small>
- Acanthogyrus vittatusi <small>(Verma, 1973)</small>
Hexaspiron
Hexaspiron <small>Dollfus and Golvan, 1956</small> contains two species:
- Hexaspiron nigericum <small>Dollfus and Golvan, 1956</small>
- Hexaspiron spinibarbi <small>Yu and Wang, 1977</small>
Palliolisentis
Palliolisentis <small>Machado-Filho, 1960</small> contains three species:
- Palliolisentis ornatus <small>Machado-Filho, 1960</small>
- Palliolisentis polyonca <small>Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973</small>
- Palliolisentis quinqueungulis <small>Machado-Filho, 1960</small> (type species)
Pallisentis
Pallisentis <small>Van Cleave, 1928</small> is divided into three subgenera: Brevitritospinus, Demidueterospinus, and Pallisentis with 26 species:
- Pallisentis channai <small>Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015</small>
- Pallisentis vinodai <small>Gupta, Maurya and Saxena, 2015</small>
Pallisentis (Brevitritospinus) <small>Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000</small>
- Pallisentis allahabadii <small>Agarwal, 1958</small>
- Pallisentis cavasii <small>Gupta and Verma, 1980</small>
- Pallisentis croftoni <small>Mital and Lal, 1981</small>
- Pallisentis fasciati <small>Gupta and Verma, 1980</small>
- Pallisentis fotedari <small>Gupta and Sinha, 1991</small>
- Pallisentis guntei <small>Sahay, Nath, and Sinha, 1967</small>
- Pallisentis indica <small>Mital and Lal, 1981</small>
- Pallisentis mehrai <small>Gupta and Fatma, 1986</small>
- Pallisentis punctati <small>Gupta, Gupta, and Singhal, 2015</small>
- Pallisentis vietnamensis <small>Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000</small>
Pallisentis (Demidueterospinus) <small>Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000</small>
- Pallisentis basiri <small>Farooqi, 1958</small>
- Pallisentis ophiocephali <small>(Thapar, 1931)</small>
Pallisentis (Pallisentis) <small>Van Cleave, 1928</small>
- Pallisentis celatus <small>(Van Cleave, 1928)</small>
- Pallisentis cholodkowskyi <small>(Kostylev, 1928)</small>
- Pallisentis chongqingensis <small>Liu and Zhang, 1993</small>
- Pallisentis clupei <small>Gupta and Gupta, 1980</small>
- Pallisentis colisai <small>Sarkar, 1956</small>
- Pallisentis gaboes <small>(Maccallum, 1918)</small>
- Pallisentis garuai <small>(Sahay, Sinha and Ghosh, 1971)</small>
- Pallisentis gomtii <small>Gupta and Verma, 1980</small>
- Pallisentis guptai <small>Gupta and Fatma, 1986</small>
- Pallisentis jagani <small>Koul, Raina, Bambroo and Koul, 1992</small>
- Pallisentis kalriai <small>Khan and Bilqees, 1985</small>
- Pallisentis magnum <small>Saeed and Bilgees, 1971</small>
- Pallisentis nagpurensis <small>(Bhalerao, 1931)</small>
- Pallisentis nandai <small>Sarkar, 1953</small>
- Pallisentis pesteri <small>(Tadros, 1966)</small>
- Pallisentis rexus <small>Wongkham and Whitfield, 1999</small>
- Pallisentis singaporensis <small>Khan and Ip, 1988</small>
- Pallisentis sindensis <small>Khan and Bilqees, 1987</small>
- Pallisentis umbellatus <small>Van Cleave, 1928</small>
- Pallisentis ussuriensis <small>(Kostylev, 1941)</small>
Pararaosentis
Pararaosentis <small>Amin, Heckmann, Ha, Luc and Doanh, 2000</small> contains only one species:
- Pararaosentis golvani <small>(Troncy and Vassiliades, 1973)</small>
Raosentis
Raosentis <small>Datta, 1947</small> contains five species:
- Raosentis dattai <small>Gupta and Fatma, 1986</small>
- Raosentis godavarensis <small>Vankara and Vijayalakshmi, 2009</small>
- Raosentis ivaniosi <small>George and Nadakal, 1978</small>
- Raosentis podderi <small>Datta, 1947</small>
- Raosentis thapari <small>Rai, 1967</small>
Triaspiron
Triaspiron <small>Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012</small> contains only one species:
- Triaspiron aphanii <small>Smales, Aydogdu and Emre, 2012</small>
Quadrigyrinae <small>Van Cleave, 1920</small>
Acanthodelta
Acanthodelta <small>Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1958</small> contains one species:
- Acanthodelta scorzai <small>(Diaz-Ungria and Gracia-Rodrigo, 1957)</small>
Machadosentis
Machadosentis <small>Noronha, 1992</small> contains only one species:
- Machadosentis travassosi <small>Noronha, 1992</small>
Quadrigyrus
Quadrigyrus <small>Van Cleave, 1920</small> contains 9 species:
- Quadrigyrus brasiliensis <small>Machado-Filho, 1941</small>
- Quadrigyrus chinensis <small>Mao, 1979</small>
- Quadrigyrus guptai <small>Gupta and Gunjan-Sinh, 1992</small>
- Quadrigyrus machadoi <small>Fabio, 1983</small>
- Quadrigyrus nickoli <small>Schmidt and Hugghins, 1973</small>
- Quadrigyrus polyspinosus <small>Li, 1984</small>
- Quadrigyrus rhodei <small>Wang, 1980</small>
- Quadrigyrus simhai <small>Gupta and Fatma, 1986</small>
- Quadrigyrus torquatus <small>Van Cleave, 1920</small>
Hosts
Quadrigyridae species parasitize fish.
Notes
References