Koelreuteria paniculata is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to China, Korea, and Outer Manchuria in both Russia and Mongolia. Naturalized in Japan since at least the 1200s, it was introduced to Europe in 1747 and North America in 1763, and has become a popular landscape tree worldwide. Common names include goldenrain tree, pride of India, China tree, and the varnish tree.
It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to tall, with a broad, dome-shaped crown. The leaves are pinnate, long, rarely to , with 7âÂÂ15 leaflets 3âÂÂ8 cm long, with a deeply serrated margin; the larger leaflets at the midpoint of the leaf are sometimes themselves pinnate but the leaves are not consistently fully bipinnate as in the related Koelreuteria bipinnata.
The flowers are yellow, with four petals, growing in large terminal panicles long. The fruit is a three-part inflated bladderlike pod, 3âÂÂ6 cm long and 2âÂÂ4 cm broad, that is green, then ripening from orange to pink in autumn. It contains several dark brown to black seeds 5âÂÂ8 mm diameter.
The species was first published in 1772, in the 1771 edition of Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae, attributed to Erik Laxmann.
Several varieties have been described:
But none of them are accepted.
K. paniculata has been cultivated since ancient times. In the Zhou dynasty it was one of the five official memorial trees (alongside P. tabuliformis, P. orientalis, S. japonicum and certain poplars), being planted next to the tombs of scholars.
It is popularly grown as an ornamental tree in temperate regions all across the world because of the aesthetic appeal of its flowers, leaves and seed pods. Several cultivars have been selected for garden planting, including 'Fastigiata' with a narrow crown, and 'September Gold', flowering in late summer.
In the UK the cultivar 'Coral Sun' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
In some areas, notably the eastern United States (and particularly in Florida), it is considered an invasive species.