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</div> Ginsenoside Rb<sub>1</sub> (or Ginsenoside Rb1 or GRb<sub>1</sub> or GRb1) is a chemical compound belonging to the ginsenoside family.
Like other ginsenosides, it is found in the plant genus Panax (ginseng), and has a variety of potential health effects including anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antiâÂÂinflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system.
A 1998 study by Seoul National University reported that GRb<sub>1</sub> and GRg<sub>3</sub> (ginsenosides Rb<sub>1</sub> and Rg<sub>3</sub>) significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting the overproduction of nitric oxide synthase among some other findings regarding their neuroprotective properties.
In 2002, the Laboratory for Cancer Research in Rutgers University showed that GRb<sub>1</sub> and GRg<sub>1</sub> have neuroprotective effect for spinal cord neurons, while ginsenoside Re did not exhibit any activity. GRb<sub>1</sub> and GRg<sub>1</sub> are proposed to represent potentially effective therapeutic agents for spinal cord injuries.
The protection that GRg<sub>1</sub> (ginsenoside Rg<sub>1</sub>) and GRb<sub>1</sub> offer against AlzheimerâÂÂs disease symptoms in mice was first published by researchers in 2015. The GRg<sub>1</sub> affected three metabolic pathways: the metabolism of lecithin, amino acids and sphingolipids, while GRb<sub>1</sub> treatment affected lecithin and amino acid metabolism.
It was reported in 2017 that GRb<sub>1</sub> improved cardiac function and remodelling in heart failure in mice. The treatment of H-ginsenoside Rb<sub>1</sub> potentially attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis.
The biosynthesis of GRb<sub>1</sub> in Panax ginseng starts from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), which is converted to squalene with squalene synthase (SQS), then to 2,3-oxidosqualene with squalene epoxidase (SE).
The 2,3-oxidasqualene is then converted to dammarenediol-II by cyclization, with dammarenediol-II synthase (DS) as the catalyst. The dammarenediol-II is converted to protopanaxadiol and then to ginsenoside Rd.
Finally, GRb<sub>1</sub> is synthesized from ginsenoside Rd, catalysed by UDPG:ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase (UGRdGT), a biosynthetic enzyme of GRb<sub>1</sub> first discovered in 2005.'