Gilboa Township is one of eleven townships in Benton County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 282 and it contained 100 housing units. It is named for Mount Gilboa, a prominence in the southern part of the township. It was created in 1866 out of the northern part of Pine Township, after the petition of 21 residents there.
According to the 2020 census, the township has a total area of , all land.