The French Overseas Department of Martinique is a Caribbean island belonging to the Lesser Antilles group in the Caribbean Sea, southeast of Cuba and north of Trinidad and Tobago. It is part of the French West Indies. It lies near the Tropic of Cancer between 14ð 26' and 14ð53' latitude north and 63ð 9' and 63ð 34' longitude west. At most some 50 miles long and 22 miles wide, Martinique covers an area of 425 square miles. Its coastline is so indented that no part of the island is more than seven miles from the sea.
The "Island of flowers ", as Martinique is called, is a volcanic island with rather low mountains which form steep cliffs along the coasts. It can be divided into three natural zones: a mountainous region in the north, with its two highest points at Mount Pelée (an active volcano, 4,428 ft.) and the Pitons du Carbet (3,960 ft.); the Lamentin Plain in the center; and a hilly region in the south, composed of eroded remnants of old volcanoes and dominated by the Montagne du Vauclin (1,656 ft.) and the Morne du Diamant (1,567 ft.).
Area: <br>total: 1,100 kmò <br>land: 1,060 kmò <br>water: 40 kmò
Area â comparative: slightly more than twice the size of the Isle of Man, or six times the size of the City of Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: 0 km
Maritime claims: <br>exclusive economic zone:
<br>territorial sea:
Natural resources: coastal scenery and beaches, cultivable land
Land use: <br>arable land: 8% <br>permanent crops: 8% <br>permanent pastures: 17% <br>forests and woodland: 44% <br>other: 23% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 40 kmò (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: hurricanes, flooding, and volcanic activity (an average of one major natural disaster every five years)
The mountainous, sparsely populated north, covered with dense rainsforests, contains 4 main active or extinct volcanic ranges towering around 1000 metres above sea level â Pitons du Carbet, Morne Jacob, Mount Pelée and Piton Conil. Black sand beaches predominate in northern Martinique due to volcanism.
The more populated, field-covered southern part of Martinique is occupied by lower ridges and hills, towering around 400âÂÂ500 metres above sea level, with a rugged coastline including numerous white sand corallian coves. The deeply populated central part of the island, home of the vast majority of the population, and formed by the lower slopes of the Pitons du Carbet massif and the Lamentin and Rivière Salée plains, covered with sugarcane and mangroves, is a transition zone between the mountainous north and the hilly south.
Martinique is surrounded by small islets and hosts three main peninsulas, the Presqu'île de la Caravelle Peninsula in the Atlantic coast, the Trois ÃÂlets Peninsula in the Southwest Caribbean coast and the Saint Anne Peninsula in the Saint Lucia Channel.
Martinique has many rivers, but owing to its size and topography, no large ones. The most important of them âÂÂthe Lorrain, Galion, Capote and LézardeâÂÂflow through the center of the island. The rivers in the southâÂÂthe Salée and PiloteâÂÂare short and often dry, while in the north they are just torrents cut by numerous waterfalls.
Martinique's tropical climate is tempered by the trade winds, and the temperature averages 26 ðC (79 ðF) the year round. Rainfall is abundant, although unevenly distributed throughout the year, and varies according to the altitude; the annual rainfall ranges from 3988 to 4877 mm (157âÂÂ192 in.) in the mountainous northern region facing the Atlantic to less than 990 mm (39 in.) in the south. Owing to this climate and the fertility of the volcanic soils, the vegetation in Martinique is luxuriant, with mangroves along the coasts and tree ferns and numerous varieties of trees in the interior.