The high-affinity IgE receptor, also known as FcõRI, or Fc epsilon RI, is the high-affinity receptor for the Fc region of immunoglobulin E (IgE), an antibody isotype involved in allergy disorders and parasite immunity. FcõRI is a tetrameric receptor complex that binds Fc portion of the õ heavy chain of IgE. It consists of one alpha (FcõRIñ â antibody binding site), one beta (FcõRIò â which amplifies the downstream signal), and two gamma chains (FcõRIó â the site where the downstream signal initiates) connected by two disulfide bridges on mast cells and basophils. It lacks the beta subunit on other cells. It is constitutively expressed on mast cells and basophils and is inducible in eosinophils.
FcõRI is found on epidermal Langerhans cells, eosinophils, mast cells, and basophils. As a result of its cellular distribution, this receptor plays a major role in controlling allergic responses. FcõRI is also expressed on antigen-presenting cells, and controls the production of important immune mediators (cytokines, interleukins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins) that promote inflammation. The most known mediator is histamine, which results in the five symptoms of inflammation: heat, swelling, pain, redness and loss of function.
FcõRI was demonstrated in bronchial/tracheal airway smooth muscle cells in normal and asthmatic patients. FcõRI cross-linking by IgE and anti-IgE antibodies led to Th2 (IL-4, -5, and -13) cytokines and CCL11/eotaxin-1 chemokine release; and ([Ca2+]i) mobilization, suggesting a likely IgE-FcõRI-ASM (airway smooth muscle cell)-mediated link to airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
Crosslinking of the FcõRI via IgE-antigen complexes leads to degranulation of mast cells or basophils and release of inflammatory mediators. Under laboratory conditions, degranulation of isolated basophils can also be induced with antibodies to the FcõRIñ, which crosslink the receptor. Such crosslinking and potentially pathogenic autoantibodies to the FcõRIñ have been isolated from human cord blood, which suggest that they occur naturally and are present already at birth. However, their epitope on FcõRIñ was masked by IgE, and the affinity of the corresponding autoantibodies found in healthy adults appeared lowered.