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Dugundji extension theorem

In mathematics, the Dugundji extension theorem is a theorem in general topology due to American mathematician James Dugundji. It is directly related to the Tietze–Urysohn extension theorem — about extending continuous functions on normal spaces — of which it is, in a sense, a generalization.

Statement

Let be a metrizable space, a closed subset of X, and a locally convex topological vector space. Then:

  • Every continuous map admits a continuous extension such that the image is contained in the convex hull of

or, equivalently:

  • Every continuous map from into a convex subset of admits a continuous extension from into

Comparison with the Tietze–Urysohn extension theorem

The first version of the Tietze extension theorem corresponds to the special case of the above theorem where the target space L is the real line ℝ. Urysohn generalized this to replacing the domain being a metric space by an arbitrary normal space. The Dugundji extension theorem is a transverse generalization, replacing the target ℝ by an arbitrary locally convex space. There is another generalization of the Tietze theorem assuming that the domain X is paracompact and the target L is a Banach space.

Proof

Fix some metric on Consider the open cover of that consists of the open balls for Since every metric space is paracompact, there exists a locally finite open cover of such that each is contained in one of those balls. Choose a partition of unity subordinate to this cover. For each , pick a point satisfying

which is possible since for each , there is an with . Define the extension on by:

The map is clearly continuous on . We shall then show it is continuous at each point in as well. For each in , we have: or

Thus, we have:

and then

Now, let a convex neighborhood C of be given. Then, since is continuous, there is some such that . Then we have by the above inequality, completing the proof of the continuity.

Notes and references

The article started as a machine (ChatGPT) translation of the corresponding article in French Wikipedia https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9or%C3%A8me_de_prolongement_de_Dugundji.

Original work

Secondary works

  • Czesław Bessaga et Aleksander Pełczyński, Selected Topics in Infinite-Dimensional Topology, Warszawa, 1975, p. 57 et s.
  • Karol Borsuk, Theory of Retracts, Warszawa, PWN, 1967, p. 77-78.

See also