The Drvar uprising () was the World War II uprising of the Serb population of Bosnian Krajina (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina). Italy supported it, both politically and in arms, in its struggle against the fascist puppet state of the Independent State of Croatia between 27 July and 26 September 1941.
The genocidal activities of the Independent State of Croatia forced the Serb population to organize an uprising. It had no ideological background and was simply a struggle for physical survival, with rebels considering themselves guerrilla. Italy used the uprising to create an opening to establish its influence beyond the zones of Croatia it already occupied per formal agreements.
A group of Serb nationalist rebels first attacked Croatian military units on 26 July 1941 in Pasjak near Drvar. This attack and subsequent conflicts later that day sped up the mass uprising of Serbs from the region of Bosnian Krajina and Lika. The uprising started with the attack of four rebel detachments on the Drvar garrison of the Croatian army, which consisted of 400 Ustaà ¡e and Home Guard soldiers, early on 27 July. The rebels captured Drvar that afternoon, along with nearby Oà ¡trelj and Bosansko Grahovo.
The uprising had an immediate influence on other regions of Bosnian Krajina and the nearby region of Lika. When Serbs from Lika were informed about the uprising in Drvar, they decided to start the Srb uprising on the same day. On the first day of uprising, the Serb rebels from Bosnian Krajina and Lika managed to seize control over territory long and wide. The communists gradually forged their Partisan republic, and on 30 July, they established the Military-Revolutionary Council, which became the supreme governing institution for the entire region.
During the next two months, rebels managed to capture additional territory including MrkonjiàGrad, Kulen Vakuf and many other Western Bosnian towns. Several retaliatory massacres of Muslim and Croatian war prisoners and civilians were committed by rebels, including the Trubar massacre, Bosansko Grahovo massacre, VrtoÃÂe massacre, Krnjeuà ¡a massacre and Kulen Vakuf massacre. The number of victims is estimated to be between 1,000 and over 3,000 people.
Based on agreement with non-communist rebel leaders, the Second Italian Army peacefully took control over the region and temporarily shielded local Serbs from the Independent State of Croatia on 26 September 1941. The communists were dissatisfied and continued armed attacks, primarily against other non-communist rebels. To fight against Chetniks who gained substantial support of the local population, the communists established two Anti-Chetnik Battalions in March and April 1942 and reestablished their control over the region of Drvar at the beginning of July 1942.
The Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was founded on 10 April 1941 during the invasion of Yugoslavia by the Axis powers. The NDH consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with some parts of modern-day Serbia. It was essentially an Italo-German quasi-protectorate, as it owed its existence to the Axis powers, who maintained occupation forces within the puppet state throughout its existence.
According to the Treaties of Rome between Benito Mussolini and Ante PaveliÃÂ, Italy annexed Zone I, and Zone II was demilitarized. After that, Italy pulled out the bulk of its army from Zones II and III.
In the weeks following the invasion, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (, KPJ) managed to tie up its cells. Some members of the KPJ and the Union of Communist Youth of Yugoslavia (, SKOJ) were returnees from the defeated Royal Yugoslav Army, including Zdravko ÃÂelar, Slavko RodiÃÂ, and Rajko BosniÃÂ. There were also students like Ilija Doà ¡en, and workers and refugees from Hungarian-occupied BaÃÂka, including Milutin and Pero MoraÃÂa. KPJ committees in Drvar and Bosansko Grahovo succeeded in obtaining rifles, light machine guns, and ammunition belonging to the surrendered Royal Yugoslav Army, and hid them from German, Italian and later Ustashe searches. Independent of the efforts of the KPJ, local peasants also hid arms.
During late April and early May, Ustashe couldn't easily consolidate their rule in an area with a predominantly Serbian population. They were only able to achieve that with Italian support and a Ustashe squad brought in from Herzegovina. Italian units left Drvar area in the beginning of June.
After the NDH consolidated its rule in Drvar at the end of May 1941, Ustaà ¡e imprisoned many Serbian men from Drvar and began with preparation to imprison and indiscriminately kill all Serbs from Drvar.
Through June, communists across Bosanska Krajina continued to prepare for an uprising. Ljubo Babiàwas chosen to be the head of the military committee for Drvar, and Ilija Doà ¡en was chosen for Bosanski Petrovac. Axis invasion of the Soviet Union encouraged locals to accelerate preparations. Ustashe authority anticipated rebellion, so reinforcements were brought to the area. The Party advised Drvar workers who were in danger of being arrested to leave Drvar and hide in nearby villages. On 17 July, communists set up the Headquarters of Guerrilla Detachments for Bosanski Petrovac with Zdravko ÃÂelar in command, Vaso KeleÃÂeviàas his deputy and Ilija Doà ¡en as the political commissar. The following day, the Headquarters for Drvar was established, with Babiàas commander and Milutin MoraÃÂa as his deputy. Between 20 and 26 July, the first detachment of fifty men was formed in the village of Kamenica (commander Jole MariÃÂ, political commissar Nikola Kotla). In the following days, new detachments were formed in the villages of Javorje (commander Mile Kecman, deputy Slavko RodiÃÂ) and Crvljivci (commander Vlado MoraÃÂa). In Bosansko Grahovo, a detachment was formed, with Simo Bajiàas commander. In the village of Trubar, a detachment was formed, with Nikola Rodiàas commander and Pero Boltiàas commissar. There were also smaller detachments.
The Ustaà ¡e genocidal policy resulted in a mass uprising of Serbs which began on 27 July 1941 in Bosnian Krajina (Western Bosnia) and Lika simultaneously.
The uprising in Drvar was inspired by Orthodox priest Ilija RodiÃÂ, worker Ilija Desnica and teacher Uroà ¡ DrenoviÃÂ. Since 22 June 1941, more than 2 months after Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, the communists also planned to organize an uprising in Bosnian Krajina on 1 August 1941. Notably, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Croatia pushed for rebellion only after the uprising was in its advanced stages in an attempt to shape the character of the uprising into one that pushed for communist ideals rather than mere survival.
Initially, the Serbian uprising had no ideological background because it was a struggle for physical survival. While Croatian reports referred to the rebellion as Chetnik-Communist action, rebels simply considered themselves rebels or guerrilla. Only in September, after the Stolice conference, would communist rebels adopt the name "partisans", and nationalists around same time begun calling themselves "chetniks". Because the vast majority of rebels in Krajina and the Independent State of Croatia were Serbs in 1941 to 1942, Ustashe propaganda initially called all rebels chetniks.
One detachment of rebels were under command of Vlado MoraÃÂa. Some of the rebel units were under the control or influence of the communist party while many others were not, including a group of rebels under command of Nikica Kecman. The commanders of the rebel units of Drvar district included Mane Rokviàand Branko BogunoviÃÂ. Some participants of the uprising became Chetniks, like Mane RokviÃÂ, Uroà ¡ Drenoviàand Ilija Desnica. The rebel forces during the uprising eventually numbered 4,000 men. The Serb rebel detachments were armed with 270 rifles and 7 machine guns.
The Drvar garrison had a total of 400 Ustaà ¡e and Croatian Home Guard soldiers of Independent Croatia.
The Italian Military Intelligence Service reported that the uprising began on 26 July 1941 when rebels attacked isolated gendarmerie stations, railroads and communication lines. The rebels cut all telephone poles between Drvar, Grahovo and Knin.
On 26 July 1941, in a road ambush near village Pasjak, a group of Serb nationalists, including Nikica Kecman and three of his men, killed Croatian major Ferdinand Konrad who was travelling from Drvar to Prijedor by car. The ambush was actually targeted at logornik Kuharski, who had issued an order to kill 40 notable Serbs from Drvar, but was still considered a success as it ignited the uprisings in Lika and Krajina.
The Ustaà ¡e and Home Guard forces soon arrived from Drvar by train and harassed the local population until they were forced to retreat by guerrilla groups of rebels from the hamlets of Crvljivica and Zaglavica. The rebels knew the Ustaà ¡e would return. Thus, their Headquarter of Guerrilla Detachments for Bosnian Grahovo and Surrounding () decided to start the uprising early the following day, on 27 July 1941.
The plan for attack on Drvar was prepared by Slavko RodiÃÂ, a partisan.
One of the rebels was local schoolteacher Lazar Teà ¡anoviàwho read the order for attack on Drvar using a battery lamp. The beginning of rebel attack was signaled with a fire of signal gun from the citadel on à  obiÃÂa Glavica at 3:30 AM. The detachment commanded by MoraÃÂa attacked a Ustaà ¡e unit in Oà ¡trelj, a village on the road toward Bosanski Petrovac which became the first populated place under rebel control during uprising. Rajko BosniÃÂ, who would later be recognized as a People's Hero of Yugoslavia, distinguished himself as a member of CrvljeviÃÂko-ZaglaviÃÂki detachment.
The first platoon was given the order to capture Ustaà ¡e barracks in the pre-war Apprentices' Home building.
The mass uprising in Bosnian Krajina first started in Drvar on 27 July when three rebel detachments from Kamenica, Javor and Crvljivica, accompanied by hundreds of armed peasants, captured a garrison of 400 Ustaà ¡e and Home Guard soldiers in Drvar. The rebels were under the command of Mane RokviÃÂ. In Drvar, Ustaà ¡a Mijo Sariàfired heavy machine guns at rebels from the tower of local church.
The rebels captured all surviving enemy soldiers, including 120 members of Croatian Home Guard, as well as a substantial quantity of arms and ammunition. The Croatian commanders, logornik Kuharski and Ustaà ¡a SariÃÂ, known as à  eponja, managed to escape.
The rebels, fueled by resentment against earlier massacres of Serbs, committed numerous massacres of war prisoners, as well as Muslim and Croatian civilians. The number of victims are estimated to be between 1,000 and over 3,000 people. Some massacres occurred on the first day of the uprising, such as the Trubar massacre and Bosansko Grahovo massacre, while others happened later, such as the Krnjeuà ¡a massacre and Kulen Vakuf massacre.
On 27 July 1941, the rebels captured Oà ¡trelj and Bosansko Grahovo under the command of rebel leader Branko BogunoviÃÂ. The Drvar uprising had a large impact on the development of the Srb uprising in Lika, where the largest number of communists were present, along with many armed people from Srb and the surrounding area. On the first day of the uprising, Serbian rebels from Bosnian Krajina and Lika managed to seize control over territory which was long and wide.
The rebel unit commanded by Simo à  olaja captured the gendarmerie station in Pljeva, while rebels from the southern part of MrkonjiàGrad municipality and rebels from Glamoàand Pljeva captured the gendarmerie stations in Gerzovo and the villages of ÃÂardak, Podgorje, Gerzovo, DragniÃÂ, Trnovo, BaraÃÂi, Pecka, Medna and many other villages in the southern part of MrkonjiàGrad municipality.
The rebels immediately established the command of the Drvar municipality, which operated until 25 September 1941 and was reestablished at the beginning of July 1942 when Drvar was captured by communist forces. The headquarter of joint Partisan-Chetnik rebels was housed in Drvar. The Chetnik commander Uroà ¡ Drenoviàwas subordinated to this joint headquarter. The partisans organized revolutionary court in Drvar.
Since the first days of the uprising in Bosnian Krajina, the communists gradually forged their Partisan republic, and on 30 July 1941, established a Military-Revolutionary Council that became the supreme governing institution for the whole region. The Partisans referred to this territory as Drvar Republic.
In the regions of Bosansko Grahovo and MrkonjiàGrad, the influence of the communists was not as strong as in Drvar, and Chetnik representatives like Uroà ¡ Drenoviàneutralized communist attempts to impose their ideology on rebels and consolidate their own forms of government.
To suppress the uprising, Croatian authorities sent eight battalions and several artillery batteries to Drvar. Both Italian and German intelligence reports concluded that the Drvar uprising had "Communist and Serbian" character and that the main reason for uprising was the Ustaà ¡a terror of the Serbian population. The units engaged by Croatian authorities were unable to suppress the uprising. Italy used the uprising to try to expand the territory of NDH under Italian control deeper into Western Bosnia. As the uprising spread from Drvar to other parts of Western Bosnia, the Serb rebels in Banja Luka, Jajce, Prijedor, Livno, Dubica and Sisak were actually supported by Italy, both in politics and in arms. On 26 August 1941, NDH and Italy agreed that the Second Italian Army would occupy and pacify rebels in the second and third zone. Thus, Italy supported Serbian rebels to create an opening to establish its influence beyond the zones they occupied per formal agreements.
Similar to the uprising in Montenegro, the rebels disagreed about their further actions. Nationalist rebels concluded that it was in the best interest of the people to accept integration of the territory into the Italian zone of interest, where they would be protected from Ustaà ¡e genocide. The Chetnik leaders wished to save Serbs from their most feared and violent enemy - Ustaà ¡e, even if they had temporarily to accept the rule of Italians and Germans. The leaders of rebellion, Mane RokviÃÂ, Vlado MoraÃÂa and Ilija Desnica, organized a gathering of the people in the village of Zaglavice and, in presence of Italian soldiers, insisted that nobody should attack Italians. The Italians occupied Drvar and the region previously held by rebels on 26 September 1942. The Partisans destroyed the cellulose factory in Drvar before they retreated in front of advancing Italian units in September 1941.
The Communist Party insisted on proceeding with rebellion in order to carry on with the communist revolution. Rebels who disagreed were quickly labeled as traitors and representatives of Greater Serbian bourgeois elements. The communists targeted those who did not support their revolutionary methods and soon executed Ilija Desnica and many other non-communist rebel leaders. The priest Ilija RodiÃÂ, one of the initiators of the uprising, was later also killed by communists.
After Italians captured the territory previously held by the rebels, the Chetniks gained the confidence of the local population, especially in central Bosnia and the region of Bosansko Grahovo. The local population organized a gathering on 14 November 1941 in Crni Potoci, and agreed on decisions against communist violence after communists secretly killed Ilija Desnica. To fight against the Chetniks, the communists established the GrmeàProletarian Company at the beginning of March 1942 in Srpska Jasenica. On 1 April 1942 the communists established the Kozara Shock Anti-Chetnik Battalion by recruiting 400 Partisans selected from the best fighters. In the period of AprilâÂÂMay 1942, the communists established another military unit to struggle against Chetniks - GrmeàAnti-Chetnik Battalion, with 800 Partisans ordered to destroy Chetniks of DrenoviÃÂ, Vukaà ¡in MarÃÂetiàand Lazo Teà ¡anoviÃÂ. The pressure of the GrmeàAnti-Chetnik Battalion forced Uroà ¡ Drenoviàto sign an accord with representatives of the Independent State of Croatia on 25 April 1942.
In post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina, 27 July was celebrated as public holiday in honor of the uprising of the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina, completely ignoring the much earlier June uprising in eastern Herzegovina. The monument in honor of the uprising in Drvar, constructed by sculptor Marijan KockoviÃÂ, was erected in Drvar. In 1996 the Croatian Army destroyed the monument designed by KockoviÃÂ and it was never rebuilt.
In 1988 Boà ¾idar Sokoloviàpublished a book in honor of Ilija Desnica, one of the leaders of the uprising, titled Ilija Desnica: The Hero from Oà ¡trelj.