Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case. This is supplemented by punctuation marks and by various logograms, such as the digits 0âÂÂ9, currency signs such as $ ⬠ÃÂ¥ ã â·, and mathematical symbols. The creator of Esperanto, L. L. Zamenhof, declared a principle of "one letter, one sound", though this is a general rather than strict guideline.
Twenty-two of the letters are identical in form to letters of the English alphabet (q, w, x, and y being omitted). The remaining six have diacritical marks: ÃÂ, ÃÂ, ÃÂ¥, õ, à Â, and à  â that is, c, g, h, j, and s circumflex, and u breve.
Standard Esperanto orthography uses the Latin script.
The letters have approximately the sound values of the , with the exception of c and the letters with diacritics: à, à, ÃÂ¥ , õ , à  , à  . J transcribes two sounds, consonantal (the English y sound, as in you) and vocalic .
There is a nearly one-to-one correspondence of letter to sound. Diphthongs such as aà  and eà  require two letters. has dual consonantal and vocalic use, parallel to Esperanto having both consonantal and vocalic . For those who consider to be a phoneme, Esperanto contains one consonantal digraph as well, . Allophony has been noted in the vowels (for example in open vs closed syllables) and is found in the place assimilation of and , the latter of which for example is frequently pronounced before g and k for speakers of language backgrounds that do the same.
Phonemic change is perhaps limited to voicing assimilation of obstruents, as in the sequence kz of ekzemplo, ('(an) example') which is 'inevitably' pronounced in normal speech, though purists try to pronounce it . In Zamenhof's writing, obstruents with different voicing such as k and z do not meet in compound lexical words, but rather are separated by an epenthetic vowel, such as o, to avoid such assimilation, though placing such letters together is common among speakers whose language background allows it.
Non-Esperantized names are given an Esperanto approximation of their original pronunciation, at least by speakers without command of the original language. Hard is read as k, as kv, as v, as ks, and as j if a consonant, or as i if a vowel. The English digraph is read as t. When there is no close equivalent, the difficult sounds may be given the Esperanto values of the letters in the orthography or roman transcription, accommodating the constraints of Esperanto phonology. So, for example, Winchester (the English city) is pronounced (and may be spelled) VinÃÂester , as Esperanto à  does not occur at the beginning of ordinary words. Changzhou generally becomes ÃÂanÃÂo , as Esperanto has no ng or ou sound. There are no strict rules, however; speakers may try for greater fidelity, for example by pronouncing the g and u in Changzhou: ÃÂangÃÂoà  (despite there being no g sound in the Chinese pronunciation). The original stress may be kept, if it is known.
Capitalization is used for the first word of a sentence and for proper names when used as nouns. Names of months, days of the week, ethnicities, languages, and the adjectival forms of proper names are not typically capitalized (anglo "an Englishman", angla "English", usona "US American"), though national norms may override such generalizations. Titles are more variable: both the Romance style of capitalizing only the first word of the title and the English style of capitalizing all lexical words are found.
All capitals or small capitals are used for acronyms and initialisms of proper names, like TEJO, but not common expressions like ktp (etc.). Small capitals are also a common convention for family names, to avoid the confusion of varying national naming conventions: Kálmán, Leslie Kwok-wing.
Camel case, with or without a hyphen, may occur when a prefix is added to a proper noun: la geZamenhofoj (the Zamenhofs), pra-Esperanto (Proto-Esperanto). It is also used for Russian-style syllabic acronyms, such as the name ReVo for Reta Vortaro ("Internet Dictionary"), which is homonymous with revo (dream). Occasionally mixed capitalization will be used for orthographic puns, such as espERAnto, which stands for the (Radical Esperanto Association).
Zamenhof contrasted informal ci with formal, and capitalized, Vi as the second-person singular pronouns. However, lower-case vi is now used as the second-person pronoun regardless of number.
For consonants, Zamenhof simply added -o onto the end to create the name of the letter, while the vowels represent themselves: a, bo, co, ÃÂo, do, e, fo, etc. The diacritics are frequently mentioned overtly. For instance, àmay be called ÃÂo ÃÂapelita, from ÃÂapelo (a hat), and à  may be called u hoketa, from hoko (a hook) plus the diminutive -et-. This is the only system that is widely accepted and in practical use.
The letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet not found in the Esperanto alphabet have distinct names, much as letters of the Greek alphabet do. , , are kuo, ikso, ipsilono; has been called duobla vo (double V), vavo (using Waringhien's name of va below), vuo (proposed by Sergio Pokrovskij), germana vo (German V), and ÃÂermana vo (Germanic V).
However, while this is fine for initialisms such as ktp [kotopo] for etc., it can be problematic when spelling out names. For example, several consonantal distinctions are difficult for many nationalities, who normally rely on the fact that Esperanto seldom uses these sounds to distinguish words (that is, they do not form many minimal pairs). Thus the pairs of letter names õoâÂÂÃÂo, ÃÂ¥oâÂÂho (or ÃÂ¥oâÂÂko), coâÂÂÃÂo (or coâÂÂso, coâÂÂto), loâÂÂro, and à ÂoâÂÂvo (or voâÂÂbo) are problematic. In addition, over a noisy telephone connection, it quickly becomes apparent that voicing distinctions can be difficult to make out: noise confounds the pairs poâÂÂbo, toâÂÂdo, ÃÂoâÂÂÃÂo, koâÂÂgo, foâÂÂvo, soâÂÂzo, à ÂoâÂÂõo, as well as the nasals moâÂÂno.
There have been several proposals to resolve this problem. Gaston Waringhien proposed changing the vowel of voiced obstruents to a, so that at least voicing is not problematic. Also changed to a are h, n, r, distinguishing them from ÃÂ¥, m, l. The result is perhaps the most common alternative in use:
However, this still requires overt mention of the diacritics, and even so does not reliably distinguish baâÂÂva, coâÂÂso, ÃÂoâÂÂà Âo, or ÃÂaâÂÂõa.
The proposal closest to international norms (and thus the easiest to remember) that clarifies all the above distinctions is a modification of a proposal by Kálmán Kalocsay. As with Zamenhof, vowels stand for themselves, but it follows the international standard of placing vowel e after a consonant by default (be, ce, de, ge), but before sonorants (el, en) and voiceless fricatives (ef, es). The vowel a is used for and the voiceless plosives , , , after the international names ha for and ka for ; the French name õi is used for , the Greek name ÃÂ¥i (chi) for , and the English name ar for . The letter has the i vowel of õi, distinguishing it from , but the other voiced fricative, , does not, to avoid the problem of it palatalizing and being confused with õi. The diphthong offglide is named eà Â, the only real possibility given Esperanto phonotactics besides aà Â, which, as the word for "or", could cause confusion. The letter is called om to distinguish it from ; the vowel o alliterates well in the alphabetical sequence el, om, en, o, pa. There are other patterns to the vowels in the ABC rhyme: The lines start with a i a i and finish with a a e e. The letters with diacritics are placed at the end of the rhyme, taking the place of w, x, y in other Latin alphabets, so as not to disrupt the pattern of letters many people learned as children. All this makes the system more easily memorized than competing proposals. The modified Kalocsay abecedary is:
(kaj means "and". The last line reads: here is the ABC column)
Where letters are still confused, such as es vs eà  or a vs ha, mention can be made of the diacritic (eà  ÃÂapela), or to the manner of articulation of the sound (ha brueta "breathy aitch"). Quite commonly, however, people will use the aitch as in house strategy used in English.
Another strategy is to use a spelling alphabet (literuma alfabeto), which substitutes ordinary words for letters. The following words are sometimes seen:
From a GermanâÂÂEsperanto dictionary by :
A proposal by in Monato:
A proposal by , in which most words are tetrasyllabic so that the syllable beginning with the letter in question receives secondary stress (though only in Varsovio do both stressed syllables begin with the letter):
The International League of Esperantist Radio Amateurs (ILERA) uses the following adaptation of the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet (ICAO and NATO "phonetic" alphabet):
ILERA also modifies the numerals ses '6' and sep '7' to sis and sepen to make them more distinct, and uses the nominal form nulo for zero.
The script resembles Western Slavic Latin alphabets but uses circumflexes instead of carons for the letters ÃÂ, ÃÂ, ÃÂ¥, õ, and à Â. Also, the non-Slavic bases of the letters àand õ, rather than Slavic dà ¾ and à ¾, help preserve the printed appearance of Latinate and Germanic vocabulary such as ÃÂenerala "general" (adjective) and õurnalo "journal". The letter v stands for either v or w of other languages. The letter à  of the diphthongs aà  and eà  resemble the Belarusian à Âacinka alphabet.
Zamenhof took advantage of the fact that typewriters for the French language (which, in his lifetime, served as an international lingua franca for educated people) possess a dead key for the circumflex diacritic: thus, anyone with access to a French typewriter could type ààÃÂ¥ õ à  and their uppercase counterparts with no problem. French typewriters also include the letter , which Francophone Esperantists have long used as a substitute for Esperanto à Â. With the advent of personal computers, French-language keyboards still possess a dead-key ^, but whether it can be used to type Esperanto consonants may depend on the underlying software. Zamenhof's choice of accented letters was familiar to the speakers of some Slavic languages, for instance, Czech and Slovak, where the sounds of Esperanto àand à  are represented by the letters àand à ¡, respectively; and Belarusian, because Esperanto à  bears the same relation to u as Belarusian Cyrillic àbears to ÃÂ.
Geographic names may diverge from English spelling, especially for the letters x, w, qu and gu, as in Vaà Âintono "Washington, D.C.", Meksiko "Mexico City", and Gvatemalo "Guatemala". Other spelling differences appear when Esperanto words are based on the pronunciation rather than the spelling of English place names, such as Brajtono for Brighton.
Since all letters with diacritics are unique, they are often simplified in handwriting. The most common diacritic to be simplified is the circumflex, which often appears more like a macron or acute accent (e.g. ḡ or õ instead of ÃÂ).
There are two common conventions for inputting and typesetting Esperanto in the ISO basic Latin alphabet when proper orthography is inconvenient. Zamenhof had suggested replacing the circumflex letters with digraphs in h, the so-called "h-system", thus: ch, gh, hh, jh, sh for ÃÂ, ÃÂ, ÃÂ¥, õ, à  and u for à Â, with an apostrophe or hyphen to disambiguate actual sequences of these letters (e.g. ses-hora). With the advent of computer word-processing, the so-called "x-system", with digraphs in x for all diacritics, has become equally popular: cx, gx, hx, jx, sx, ux. The words à ÂanÃÂi "to change" and õaà Âde "on Thursday" are written shanghi, jhaude and sxangxi, jxauxde, respectively, in the two systems. The h-system has a more conventional appearance, but because the letter x does not occur in Esperanto, it is fairly straightforward to automatically convert text written in the x-system into standard orthography; it also produces better results with alphabetic sorting.
The Esperanto alphabet is part of the Latin-3 and Unicode character sets, and is included in WGL4. The code points and HTML entities for the Esperanto characters with diacritics and the spesmilo sign are:
As with most languages, punctuation is not completely standardized, but in Esperanto there is the additional complication of multiple competing national traditions.
Commas are frequently used to introduce subordinate clauses (that is, before ke "that" or the ki- correlatives):
The comma is also used for the decimal point, while thousands are separated by non-breaking spaces: , or sometimes by apostrophes: Li enspezis $3'300'000.
The question mark (?) and the exclamation mark (!) are used at the end of a clause and may be internal to a sentence. Question words generally come at the beginning of a question, obviating the need for Spanish-style inverted question marks.
Periods may be used to indicate initialisms: k.t.p. or ktp for kaj tiel plu (et cetera), but not abbreviations that retain the grammatical suffixes. Instead, a hyphen optionally replaces the missing letters: D-ro or Dro for Doktoro (Dr). With ordinal numerals, the adjectival a and accusative n may be superscripted: 13a or 13<sup>a</sup> (13th). The abbreviation k is used without a period for kaj (and); the ampersand (&) is not found. Roman numerals are also avoided.
The hyphen is also occasionally used to clarify compounds, and to join grammatical suffixes to proper names that haven't been Esperantized or don't have a nominal -o suffix, such as the accusative on Kalocsay-n or Kálmán-on. The proximate particle ÃÂi used with correlatives, such as ÃÂi tiu 'this one' and ÃÂi tie 'here', may be poetically used with nouns and verbs as well (ÃÂi jaro 'this year', esti ÃÂi 'to be here'), but if these phrases are then changed to adjectives or adverbs, a hyphen is used: ÃÂi-jare 'this year', ÃÂi-landa birdo 'a bird of this land'.
Quotation marks show the greatest variety of any punctuation. The use of Esperanto quotation marks was never stated in Zamenhof's work; it was assumed that a printer would use whatever was available, usually the national standard of the printer's country. Em dashes (âÂÂ...), guillemets ( or reversed ), double quote marks ( and German-style ) and more are all found. Since the age of word-processing, however, American-style quotation marks are the most widespread. Quotations may be introduced with either a comma or a colon.
Time and date format is not standardized among Esperantists, but internationally unambiguous formats such as 1970-01-01 (ISO) or 1-jan-1970 are preferred when the date is not spelled out in full ("la 1-a de januaro 1970").
Unique to the Esperanto script is the spesmilo (1000 specie) sign, , an Sm monogram for an obsolete international unit of auxiliary Esperanto currency used by a few British and Swiss banks before World War I. It is often transcribed as Sm, usually italic.
The Cyrillic script has also been adapted to write Esperanto.
The Shavian alphabet, which was designed for English, was modified for use with Esperanto by John Wesley Starling. Though not widely used, at least one booklet has been published with sample Shavian texts. Not all letters are equivalent to their English values, and special forms of the letters and have been added for the accusative case ending and verbal inflections; the grammatical endings and the words la 'the', aà  'or' and kaj 'and' are written as ligatures.
The vowels necessarily differ from English. Esperanto a e i o u take the letters for English , with more regard to graphic symmetry than phonetic faithfulness in the cases of o and u. C takes the letter for , the Castilian value of c before e and i, and ÃÂ¥ that for , the inverse of the letter for . The most divergent letters are those for m and n, which are in English, but which are graphically better suited to be distinct letters than English Shavian .
There is a proposed manual alphabet as part of the project. Signuno, as a signed variant of Esperanto, is itself a manual logographic Esperanto orthography. The majority of letters of the manual alphabet resemble those of the American manual alphabet, but also of the French manual alphabet and others. The diacritic letters ÃÂ, ÃÂ, ä, ô, à Â, à ¬ have their own signs, and J and Z are distinct from other alphabets, as none of the Signuno letters involve motion. Digits are formed by extending the fingers from the index to the pinkie for 1 to 4, from the pinkie to the thumb (keeping the middle finger down) for 6 to 9, and from the thumb to index for 11 and 12; the last two are used for months and hours. Zero is represented by the fist, 5 by the whole hand extended, and 10 as the letter X.
The Esperanto versions of braille and Morse code both include the six diacritic letters.
An Esperanto braille magazine, AÃ Âroro, has been published since 1920.
In Morse code, a dot is added to C and J to derive àand ô, a dashâÂÂdot is added to G and S to derive àand à Â, a dash is added to U to derive à ¬, and the four dots of H are changed to four dashes for ä. However, users often substitute these novel letters with digraphs ch, gh, jh, sh etc.
The US television series Resident Alien uses an invented script that does not distinguish u and v, and ignores diacritics, to transcribe Esperanto as the alien language. It is written right to left.
The 2017 Japanese-language visual novel The Expression Amrilato and its 2021 sequel Distant Memoraõo feature a language named Juliamo that is actually Esperanto in a modified Latin alphabet.