Ctenus is a genus of wandering spiders first described by Charles Athanase Walckenaer in 1805. It is widely distributed, from South America through Africa to East Asia.
Venom
Little is known about the toxic potential of the genus Ctenus; however, Ctenus medius has been shown to share some toxic properties with Phoneutria nigriventer, such as proteolytic, hyaluronidase and phospholipase activities, in addition to producing hyperalgesia and edema.
The venom of C. medius also interferes with the complement system in concentrations in which the venom of P. nigriventer is inactive, indicating that some species in the genus may have a medically significant venom. The venom of C. medius interferes with the complement component 3 (C3) of the complement system; it affects the central factor of the cascades of the complement, and interferes with the lytic activity of this system, which causes stronger activation and consumption of the complement components. Unlike C. medius, the venom of P. nigriventer does not interfere with lytic activity.
Species
, this genus includes 155 species.
These are species with an article on Wikipedia:
- Ctenus caligineus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â DR Congo, Burundi, South Africa
- Ctenus captiosus <small>Gertsch, 1935</small> â United States
- Ctenus exlineae <small>Peck, 1981</small> â United States
- Ctenus gulosus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â South Africa
- Ctenus parvoculatus <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â South Africa
- Ctenus pulchriventris <small>(Simon, 1897)</small> â Zimbabwe, South Africa
- Ctenus spectabilis <small>Lessert, 1921</small> â DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa
- Ctenus transvaalensis <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â South Africa
- Ctenus vespertilio <small>Mello-Leitão, 1941</small> â Colombia
- C. abditus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â DR Congo, Tanzania
- C. adustus <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â Colombia
- C. agroecoides <small>(Thorell, 1881)</small> â Australia (Queensland)
- C. albofasciatus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â Brazil
- C. alienus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Guatemala
- C. amanensis <small>Strand, 1907</small> â Kenya, Tanzania
- C. amphora <small>Mello-Leitão, 1930</small> â Colombia, Brazil, Guyana
- C. anahitaeformis <small>, 1981</small> â Burundi
- C. anahitiformis <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Brazil
- C. auricomus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â DR Congo, Rwanda
- C. avidus <small>Bryant, 1948</small> â Haiti
- C. bahamensis <small>Strand, 1907</small> â Bahamas
- C. bigibbosus <small>Benoit, 1980</small> â DR Congo
- C. bilobatus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Mexico
- C. blumenauensis <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Brazil
- C. bolivicola <small>Strand, 1907</small> â Bolivia
- C. bueanus <small>Strand, 1916</small> â Cameroon
- C. calcaratus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Guatemala
- C. calderitas <small>Alayón, 2002</small> â Mexico
- C. caligineus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â DR Congo, Burundi, South Africa
- C. captiosus <small>Gertsch, 1935</small> â United States
- C. capulinus <small>(Karsch, 1879)</small> â Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, DR Congo
- C. catherine <small>Polotow & Brescovit, 2012</small> â Jamaica
- C. cavaticus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â DR Congo, Angola
- C. celisi <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â DR Congo
- C. coccineipes <small>Pocock, 1903</small> â Cameroon, DR Congo, Rwanda, Burundi
- C. colombianus <small>Mello-Leitão, 1941</small> â Colombia
- C. colonicus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â Kenya, Tanzania
- C. complicatus <small>Franganillo, 1946</small> â Cuba
- C. constrictus <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â DR Congo
- C. convexus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Mexico to Costa Rica
- C. cruciatus <small>Franganillo, 1930</small> â Cuba
- C. crulsi <small>Mello-Leitão, 1930</small> â Brazil
- C. darlingtoni <small>Bryant, 1948</small> â Haiti
- C. datus <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Ecuador
- C. decemnotatus <small>Simon, 1909</small> â Guinea-Bissau
- C. decorus <small>(Gerstaecker, 1873)</small> â Kenya
- C. delesserti <small>(Caporiacco, 1947)</small> â Guyana
- C. denticulatus <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â DR Congo
- C. dilucidus <small>Simon, 1909</small> â Gabon
- C. doloensis <small>Caporiacco, 1940</small> â Ethiopia
- C. drassoides <small>(Karsch, 1879)</small> â Colombia
- C. dreyeri <small>Strand, 1906</small> â Cameroon
- C. dubius <small>Walckenaer, 1805</small> â French Guiana (type species)
- C. efferatus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â DR Congo
- C. elgonensis <small>Benoit, 1978</small> â Kenya
- C. ellacomei <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902</small> â Suriname
- C. embolus <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â DR Congo
- C. ensiger <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Mexico
- C. esculentus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â Cameroon, DR Congo
- C. excavatus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Mexico
- C. exlineae <small>Peck, 1981</small> â United States
- C. facetus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â DR Congo
- C. falcatus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902</small> â St. Lucia
- C. falciformis <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â DR Congo
- C. falconensis <small>Schenkel, 1953</small> â Venezuela
- C. fasciatus <small>Mello-Leitão, 1943</small> â Brazil
- C. fernandae <small>Brescovit & Simó, 2007</small> â Brazil
- C. feshius <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â DR Congo
- C. guantanamo <small>(Alayón, 2001)</small> â Cuba
- C. gulosus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â South Africa
- C. haina <small>Alayón, 2004</small> â Dominican Rep.
- C. haitiensis <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Haiti
- C. hiemalis <small>Bryant, 1948</small> â Haiti
- C. holmi <small>Benoit, 1978</small> â Kenya
- C. humilis <small>(Keyserling, 1887)</small> â Nicaragua
- C. hybernalis <small>Hentz, 1844</small> â United States
- C. hygrophilus <small>Benoit, 1977</small> â DR Congo
- C. idjwiensis <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â DR Congo
- C. igatu <small>Polotow, Cizauskas & Brescovit, 2022</small> â Brazil
- C. inaja <small>Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994</small> â Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil
- C. insulanus <small>Bryant, 1948</small> â Dominican Rep.
- C. jaminauensis <small>Mello-Leitão, 1936</small> â Brazil
- C. jaragua <small>Alayón, 2004</small> â Dominican Rep.
- C. kenyamontanus <small>Benoit, 1978</small> â Kenya
- C. kipatimus <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â Tanzania
- C. lacertus <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â DR Congo
- C. latitabundus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â Cameroon, DR Congo
- C. lejeunei <small>Benoit, 1977</small> â DR Congo
- C. leonardi <small>Simon, 1909</small> â Guinea-Bissau, Ghana, Cameroon
- C. levipes <small>Arts, 1912</small> â Tanzania
- C. longicalcar <small>Kraus, 1955</small> â El Salvador
- C. lubwensis <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â DR Congo
- C. macellarius <small>Simon, 1909</small> â Gabon
- C. maculatus <small>Franganillo, 1931</small> â Cuba
- C. maculisternis <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Bolivia, Brazil
- C. magnificus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo
- C. malvernensis <small>Petrunkevitch, 1910</small> â Jamaica
- C. manauara <small>Höfer, Brescovit & Gasnier, 1994</small> â Brazil
- C. manni <small>Bryant, 1948</small> â Haiti
- C. medius <small>Keyserling, 1891</small> â Panama, Brazil
- C. minimus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â North America
- C. minor <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â Brazil
- C. mitchelli <small>Gertsch, 1971</small> â Mexico
- C. modestus <small>Simon, 1897</small> â Tanzania (Zanzibar), Kenya
- C. monticola <small>Bryant, 1948</small> â Haiti
- C. musosanus <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â DR Congo
- C. naranjo <small>Alayón, 2004</small> â Dominican Rep.
- C. nigritarsis <small>(, 1897)</small> â Ethiopia
- C. nigritus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â Brazil
- C. nigrolineatus <small>Berland, 1913</small> â Panama, Ecuador
- C. nigromaculatus <small>Thorell, 1899</small> â Togo, Cameroon, Gabon, DR Congo, South Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi
- C. noctuabundus <small>Arts, 1912</small> â Kenya
- C. obscurus <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â Colombia
- C. oligochronius <small>Arts, 1912</small> â Tanzania
- C. ornatus <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â Brazil
- C. ottleyi <small>(Petrunkevitch, 1930)</small> â Puerto Rico
- C. paranus <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Brazil
- C. parvoculatus <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â South Africa
- C. parvus <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â Colombia
- C. paubrasil <small>Brescovit & Simó, 2007</small> â Brazil
- C. pauloterrai <small>Brescovit & Simó, 2007</small> â Brazil
- C. peregrinus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Guatemala, Costa Rica
- C. pilosus <small>Franganillo, 1930</small> â Cuba
- C. pogonias <small>Thorell, 1899</small> â Cameroon
- C. potteri <small>Simon, 1901</small> â Eritrea, Ethiopia, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
- C. pulchriventris <small>(Simon, 1897)</small> â Zimbabwe, South Africa
- C. racenisi <small>Caporiacco, 1955</small> â Venezuela
- C. ramosi <small>Alayón, 2002</small> â Cuba
- C. ravidus <small>(Simon, 1886)</small> â Argentina
- C. rectipes <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â Brazil, Guyana
- C. renivulvatus <small>Strand, 1906</small> â Ghana
- C. rivulatus <small>Pocock, 1900</small> â Cameroon, Gabon
- C. rubripes <small>Keyserling, 1881</small> â Panama, Ecuador
- C. rwandanus <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â Rwanda
- C. saltensis <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Argentina, Bolivia
- C. satanas <small>Strand, 1909</small> â Ecuador
- C. serratipes <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil
- C. serrichelis <small>Mello-Leitão, 1922</small> â Brazil
- C. sexmaculatus <small>Roewer, 1961</small> â Senegal
- C. siankaan <small>Alayón, 2002</small> â Mexico
- C. sigma <small>(Schenkel, 1953)</small> â Venezuela
- C. silvaticus <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â DR Congo
- C. similis <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â Brazil
- C. somaliensis <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â Somalia
- C. spectabilis <small>Lessert, 1921</small> â DR Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa
- C. spiculus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897</small> â Colombia
- C. spiralis <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Costa Rica
- C. supinus <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small> â Costa Rica
- C. tenuipes <small>, 1955</small> â Guinea
- C. torvus <small>Pavesi, 1883</small> â Ethiopia
- C. transvaalensis <small>Benoit, 1981</small> â South Africa
- C. trinidensis <small>(Alayón, 2001)</small> â Trinidad
- C. uluguruensis <small>Benoit, 1979</small> â Tanzania
- C. undulatus <small>Steyn & Van der Donckt, 2003</small> â Ivory Coast
- C. unilineatus <small>Simon, 1898</small> â St. Vincent
- C. vagus <small>Blackwall, 1866</small> â south-east equatorial Africa
- C. validus <small>Denis, 1955</small> â Guinea
- C. valverdiensis <small>Peck, 1981</small> â United States
- C. vatovae <small>Caporiacco, 1940</small> â Ethiopia
- C. vehemens <small>Keyserling, 1891</small> â Brazil
- C. vespertilio <small>Mello-Leitão, 1941</small> â Colombia
- C. villasboasi <small>Mello-Leitão, 1949</small> â Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil
- C. vividus <small>Blackwall, 1865</small> â East of central Africa
- C. w-notatus <small>Petrunkevitch, 1925</small> â Panama
References