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Crassispira

Crassispira is a genus of small predatory sea snails with narrow, high-spired shells, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pseudomelatomidae. They first appeared in the fossil record approximately 48.6 million years ago during the Eocene epoch, and still exist in the present day.

Taxonomy

The small blackish "Drillias" so common in Panamic waters, of which Pleurotoma bottae <small>Valenciennes</small> is the type, were brought under the name of Crassispira <small>Swainson, 1840</small> by W.H. Dall in 1918.

Description

Most species in this genus have a tall spire and a truncated anterior canal. The ribs are overridden by spirals, forming beads or nodules. Under the subsutural keel is the sinus area which is rather smooth.

The small shell is subclavate and tuberculated. The spire is thick and lengthened. The outer lip shows a slight sinus above and is thickened internally at the top and the bottom. The top of the inner lip has a thick pad. The basal channel is slightly defined.

The shell is medium-sized. The aperture is moderately long and wide, scarcely contracted at the base, forming a suggestion of a siphonal canal, moderately emarginate at the base. The siphonal fasciole is slightly bulging. The body whorl is varicose near the outer lip. A distinctive feature is the deep anal sinus, which is usually located on a subsutural ramp and is often bordered by a raised rib or fasciole. The apex is semicircular and lies some distance from the suture below thread on the anal fasciole. The base of outer lip bears a very shallow, broad sinus, or stromboid notch. The inner lip is detached. The parietal callus is thickened adjoining the anal sinus. The sculpture consists of narrow axial ribs, between which the spiral threads or grooves. The anal fasciole bears a strong spiral cord. (Based on original figures, Kiener, Coquilles vivantes, Pleurotoma, pp.&nbsp;33–34, pi. 15, fig. 2, 1839.)

The shell has a strong subsutural collar, a moderately narrow but strongly concave subsutural slope, strong axial ribs that do not cross the subsutural slope, and strong spiral threads between the axial ribs.

Species

Species within the genus Crassispira are numerous. According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), they include:

Nomen nudum:
  • Crassispira eous <small>Ekdale, 1974</small>
Species brought into synonymy :
  • Crassispira adamsi <small>De Jong & Coomans, 1988</small>: synonym of Crassispira elatior <small>(C. B. Adams, 1845)</small> (Unnecessary replacement name for Pleurotoma elatior C.B. Adams, 1845, believed to be preoccupied by P. elatior <small>d'Orbigny, "1842"</small> [in fact 1847])
  • Crassispira adamsiana <small>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of Crassispira harfordiana <small>(Reeve, 1843)</small>
  • Crassispira aesopus <small>(Schepman, 1913)</small>: synonym of Inquisitor aesopus <small>(Schepman, 1913)</small>
  • Crassispira affinis <small>Reeve, 1846</small> junior homonym of Crassispira flavescens <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Crassispira albomaculata <small>(d'Orbigny, 1847)</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira nodata <small>(C. B. Adams, 1850)</small>
  • Crassispira albonodulosa <small>(E. A. Smith, 1904)</small>: synonym of Psittacodrillia albonodulosa <small>(E. A. Smith, 1904)</small>
  • Crassispira albovallosa <small>Carpenter, 1856</small>: synonym of Crassispira rudis <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • Crassispira amathea <small>Dall, 1919</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira amathea <small>(Dall, 1919)</small>
  • Crassispira anthamilla <small>Melvill, 1923</small>: synonym of Crassispira chazaliei <small>(Dautzenberg, 1900)</small>
  • Crassispira arsinoe <small>Dall, 1919</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira arsinoe <small>(Dall, 1919)</small>
  • Crassispira aureonodosa <small>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira aureonodosa <small>(Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932)</small>
  • Crassispira bacchia <small>Dall, 1919</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira bacchia <small>(Dall, 1919)</small>
  • Crassispira bairstowi <small>(Sowerby III, 1886)</small>: synonym of Psittacodrillia bairstowi <small>(Sowerby III, 1886)</small>
  • Crassispira bandata <small>(Nowell-Usticke, 1971)</small>: synonym of Crassispira latizonata <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Crassispira bandata <small>(Nowell-Usticke, 1969)</small> : synonym of Monilispira bandata <small>(Nowell-Usticke, 1969)</small>
  • Crassispira barkliensis <small>Adams, 1869</small>: synonym of Drillia barkliensis <small>(Adams, 1869)</small>
  • Crassispira bittium <small>Dall, 1924</small>: synonym of Ceritoturris bittium <small>(Dall, 1924)</small> (original combination)
  • † Crassispira calligonoides <small>Gardner, 1938</small>: synonym of † Hindsiclava calligonoides <small>Gardner, 1938</small>
  • Crassispira cancellata <small>Carpenter, 1864</small>: synonym of Crassispira pellisphocae <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Crassispira candace <small>Dall, 1919</small>: synonym of Pyrgospira candace <small>(Dall, 1919)</small>
  • Crassispira caribbaea <small>(E.A. Smith, 1882)</small>: synonym of Buchema interstrigata <small>(Smith E.A., 1882)</small>
  • Crassispira cornuta <small>Sowerby I, 1834</small>: synonym of Crassispira nigerrima <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • Crassispira cubensis <small>Smith, 1882</small>: synonym of Crassispira kluthi <small>Jordan, 1936</small>
  • Crassispira cuprea <small>Reeve, 1843</small>: synonym of Crassispira fuscescens <small>(Reeve, 1843)</small>
  • Crassispira diversa <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>: synonym of Psittacodrillia diversa <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Crassispira drangai <small>Schwengel, 1951</small>: synonym of Strictispira drangai <small>(Schwengel, 1951)</small>
  • Crassispira ebenina <small>Dall, 1883</small>: synonym of Strictispira solida <small>C.B. Adams, 1850</small>
  • Crassispira ericana <small>Hertlein & Strong, 1951</small>: synonym of Strictispira ericana <small>(Hertlein & Strong, 1951)</small>
  • Crassispira flavescens <small>Reeve, 1846</small>: synonym of Crassispira affinis <small>(Reeve, 1846)</small>
  • Crassispira flavonodosa <small>Pilsbry & H. N. Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of Crassispira eurynome <small>Dall, 1919</small>
  • Crassispira flucki <small>(Brown & Pilsbry, 1913)</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira flucki <small>(Brown & Pilsbry, 1913)</small>
  • Crassispira fonseca <small>Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira atramentosa
  • Crassispira granulosa <small>Sowerby I, 1834</small>: synonym of Buchema granulosa <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • Crassispira hermanita <small>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of Maesiella hermanita <small>(Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932)</small>
  • Crassispira hottenta <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>: synonym of Clavus hottentotus <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Crassispira hottentota <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>: synonym of Clavus hottentotus <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Crassispira inaequistriata <small>Li, 1930</small>: synonym of Crassispira maura <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • Crassispira jungi <small>Macsotay & Campos Villarroel, 2001</small>: synonym of Hindsiclava jungi <small>(Macsotay & Campos Villarroel, 2001)</small>
  • Crassispira kandai <small>Kuroda, 1950</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira kandai <small>(Kuroda, 1950)</small>
  • Crassispira layardi <small>(Sowerby III, 1897)</small>: synonym of Crassiclava layardi <small>(Sowerby III, 1897)</small>
  • Crassispira leucocyma <small>(Dall, 1884)</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira leucocyma <small>(Dall, 1884)</small>
  • Crassispira loxospira <small>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira loxospira <small>(Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932)</small>
  • Crassispira luctuosa <small>d'Orbigny, 1847</small>: synonym of Crassispira cubensis <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Crassispira lysidia <small>(Duclos, 1850)</small>: synonym of Monilispira lysidia <small>(Duclos, 1850)</small>
  • Crassispira mesoleuca <small>Rehder, 1943</small>: synonym of Crassispira cubana <small>(Melvill, 1923)</small>
  • Crassispira monilifera <small>(Carpenter, 1857)</small>: synonym of Monilispira monilifera <small>(Carpenter, 1857)</small>
  • Crassispira monilis <small>(Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira monilis <small>(Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)</small>
  • Crassispira nigricans <small>Dall, 1919</small>: synonym of Crassispira maura <small>(Sowerby I, 1834</small>)
  • Crassispira nymphia <small>Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932</small>: synonym of Pilsbryspira nymphia <small>(Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932)</small>
  • Crassispira ochsneri <small>(Hertlein & Strong, 1949</small>: synonym of Cleospira ochsneri <small>(Hertlein & Strong, 1949)</small>
  • Crassispira ostrearum <small>(Stearns, 1872)</small>: synonym of Pyrgospira ostrearum <small>(Stearns, 1872)</small>
  • Crassispira palliata <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Crassispira kluthi <small>Jordan, 1936</small>
  • Crassispira pardalis <small>Hinds, 1844</small>: synonym of Anachis pardalis <small>(Hinds, 1843)</small>
  • Crassispira paxillus <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>: synonym of Strictispira paxillus <small>(Reeve, 1845)</small>
  • Crassispira perla <small>Smith, 1947</small>: synonym of Crassispira maura <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • Crassispira phasma <small>Schwengel, 1940</small>: synonym of Fenimorea phasma <small>(Schwengel, 1940)</small> (original combination)
  • † Crassispira pseudospirata <small>(d'Orbigny, 1850)</small>: synonym of † Drilliola pseudospirata <small>(d'Orbigny, 1850)</small>
  • Crassispira quadrilirata <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>: synonym of Carinodrillia quadrilirata <small>(E. A. Smith, 1882)</small>
  • Crassispira reigeni <small>Bartsch, 1950</small>: synonym of Zonulispira grandimaculata <small>(C.B. Adams, 1852)</small>
  • Crassispira rufovaricosa <small>Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971</small>: synonym of Inquisitor rufovaricosa <small>(Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971)</small>
  • Crassispira saulcydiana <small>(Récluz, 1851)</small>: synonym of Drillia umbilicata <small>Gray, 1838</small>
  • Crassispira solida <small>(C. B. Adams, 1850)</small>: synonym of Clathrodrillia solida <small>(C. B. Adams, 1850)</small>
  • Crassispira sowerbyi <small>Reeve, 1843</small>: synonym of Crassispira turricula <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • Crassispira stilmani <small>Shasky, 1971</small>: synonym of Strictispira stillmani <small>Shasky, 1971</small>
  • Crassispira strigata <small>Sowerby II, 1874</small>: synonym of Drillia barkliensis <small>(H. Adams, 1869)</small>
  • Crassispira sultana <small>Thiele, 1925</small>: synonym of Paradrillia sultana <small>(Thiele, 1925)</small> (original combination)
  • Crassispira tabogaensis <small>Bartsch, 1931</small>: synonym of Crassispira kluthi <small>Jordan, 1936</small>
  • Crassispira tampaensis <small>Bartsch & Rehder, 1939</small>: synonym of Pyrgospira tampaensis <small>(Bartsch & Rehder, 1939)</small>
  • Crassispira tangolaensis <small>Hertlein, L.G. & A.M. Strong, 1951</small>: synonym of Crassispira unicolor <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • † Crassispira terebra <small>Basterot, 1825</small>: synonym of † Drillia terebra <small>(Basterot, 1825)</small>
  • Crassispira thiarella <small>Kiener, 1840</small>: synonym of Crassispira nigerrima <small>(Sowerby I, 1834)</small>
  • Crassispira tripter <small>Maltzan, 1883</small>: synonym of Drillia tripter <small>Von Maltzan, 1883</small>
  • Crassispira tuckeri <small>Bonfitto & Morassi, 2004</small>: synonym of Crassispira tuckerana <small>Bonfitto & Morassi, 2011</small>
  • Crassispira walteri <small>Smith M., 1946</small>: synonym of Clathrodrillia walteri <small>(Smith M., 1946)</small>

References

  • Reeve, L.A. 1843–1846. Monograph of the genus Pleurotoma . Reeve Brothers, London.
  • Kantor, Medeinskaya, J.D Taylor - 1997, Foregut anatomy and relationships of the Crassispirinae (Gastropoda, Conoidea); Bull. nat. Hist. Mus. London (Zool.) 63 (1): 55-92

External links

External links