Covenant-breaker is a term used in the BaháüàFaith to refer to a person who has been excommunicated from the Baháüàcommunity for breaking the Covenant of Baháüu'lláh, meaning actively promoting schism in the religion or otherwise opposing the legitimacy of the chain of succession of leadership. Excommunication among BaháüÃÂs is extremely rare and not used for transgressions of community standards, intellectual dissent, or conversion to other religions. Instead, it is the most severe punishment, reserved for suppressing organized dissent that threatens the unity of believers.
Currently, the Universal House of Justice has the sole authority to declare a person a Covenant-breaker, and once identified, all BaháüÃÂs are expected to shun them. The Baháüàwritings forbid association with Covenant-breakers and BaháüÃÂs are urged to avoid their literature, thus providing an exception to the Baháüàprinciple of independent investigation of truth.
Dr. Mikhail Sergeev wrote about the Baháüàpractice of excommunication,
The three largest attempts at alternative leadershipâÂÂwhose followers are considered Covenant-breakersâÂÂwere from Subh-i-Azal, MÃÂrzá Muhammad ûAlÃÂ, and Charles Mason Remey. Others were declared Covenant-breakers for actively opposing or disobeying the head of the religion, or maliciously attacking the Baháüàadministration after leaving it.
BaháüÃÂs are required to carefully observe the civil rights of Covenant-breakers, to avoid hatred toward them and not to hurt their feelings, but rather to pray for them. Covenant-breakers who change their beliefs may be readmitted to the Baháüàcommunity.
Covenant-breaking does not refer to attacks from non-BaháüÃÂs or former BaháüÃÂs. Rather, it is in reference to internal campaigns of opposition where the Covenant-breaker is seen as challenging the unity of the BaháüàFaith, causing internal division, or by claiming or supporting an alternate succession of authority or administrative structure. The central purpose of the covenant is to prevent schism and dissension.
In a letter to an individual dated 23 March 1975, the Universal House of Justice wrote:
The term Covenant-breaker (Arabic: ÃÂçÃÂöÃÂÃÂ) was first used by ûAbdu'l-Bahá during his ministry to describe partisans of his half-brother MÃÂrzá Muhammad ûAlÃÂ, who challenged his leadership, although the concept of expulsion from the community of believers and avoidance of contact with them is rooted in the direct instruction and practices of Baháüu'lláh. In ûAbdu'l-Bahá's Will and Testament, he appointed Shoghi Effendi as the first Guardian, defined it as an institution, and also called for the election of the Universal House of Justice. ûAbdul-Bahá defined in the same manner opposition to these two institutions as Covenant-breaking and advised all BaháüÃÂs to shun anyone opposing the Covenant: "...one of the greatest and most fundamental principles of the Cause of God is to shun and avoid entirely the Covenant-breakers, for they will utterly destroy the Cause of God, exterminate His Law and render of no account all efforts exerted in the past."
Most Covenant-breakers are involved in schismatic groups, but not always. For example, a Baháüàwho refuses to follow guidance on treatment of Covenant-breakers is at risk of being named one. One article originally written for the BaháüàEncyclopedia, characterized Covenant-breakers that have emerged in the course of Baháüàhistory as belonging to one of four categories:
Shoghi Effendi wrote to the National Spiritual Assembly of Canada in 1957:
Beyond this, many other relationships to the BaháüàFaith exist, both positive and negative. Covenant-breaking does not apply to most of them. The following is a partial list of those who could not rightly be termed Covenant-breakers:
BábÃÂs are generally regarded as another religion altogether and not necessarily seen as covenant-breakers, since strictly speaking covenant-breaking presumes that one has submitted oneself to a covenant and then broken it. As BábÃÂs never recognized or swore allegiance to Baháüu'lláh, they are not Covenant-breakers of Baháüu'lláh's covenant.
Shoghi Effendi did inform BaháüÃÂs that they should avoid contact with followers and descendents of Subh-i-Azal, Baháüu'lláh's half-brother, on the basis of Azal's attempts to poison him, and his followers' active opposition to BaháüÃÂs, writing that "No intelligent and loyal Baha'i would associate with a descendant of Azal, if he traced the slightest breath of criticism of our Faith, in any aspect, from that person. In fact these people should be strenuously avoided as having an inherited spiritual disease -- the disease of Covenant-breaking!".
Through the influence of BahÃÂyyih Khánum, the eldest daughter of Baháüu'lláh, everyone in the household initially rallied around Shoghi Effendi after the death of ûAbdu'l-Bahá. For several years his brother Husayn and several cousins served him as secretaries. The only ones publicly opposing him were MÃÂrzá Muhammad ûAlàand his followers, who were declared Covenant-breakers by ûAbdu'l-Bahá. Contrary to ûAbdu'l-Bahá's specific instruction, certain family members established illicit links with those whom ûAbdu'l-Bahá had declared Covenant-breakers. After BahÃÂyyih Khánum died in 1932, Shoghi Effendi's eldest sister â Ruhangiz â married Nayyer Effendi Afnan, a son of Siyyid Ali Afnan, stepson of Baháüu'lláh though Furughiyyih. The children of Furughiyyih sided with Muhammad ûAlàand opposed ûAbdu'l-Bahá, leaving only ûAbdu'l-Bahá's own children as faithful among the descendants of Baháüu'lláh. Moojan Momen describes these events as follows:
These marriages caused Ruhangiz, Mehrangiz, and Thurayyá to be declared Covenant-breakers by Shoghi Effendi, though there was some delay and concealment initially in order to avoid public degradation of the family. On 2 November 1941 Shoghi Effendi sent two cables announcing the expulsion of Túbá and her children Ruhi, Suhayl, and Fu'ad for consenting to the marriage of Thurayyá to Faydi. There was also mention that Ruhi's visit to America and Fu'ad's visit to England were without approval. In December 1941 he announced the expulsion of his sister Mehrangiz.
In 1944 Shoghi Effendi announced the expulsion of Munib Shahid, the grandson of ûAbdu'l-Bahá's through Ruha, for marrying into the family of an enemy of the BaháüÃÂs. In April 1945, he announced the expulsion of Husayn Ali, his brother, for joining the other Covenant-breakers. In 1950 Shoghi Effendi sent another cable expelling the family of Ruha, another daughter of ûAbdu'l-Bahá for showing "open defiance", and in December 1951 he announced a "fourth alliance" of members of the family of Siyyid Ali marrying into Ruha's family, and that his brother Riaz was included among the Covenant-breakers.
In 1953 he cabled about Ruhi Afnan corresponding with Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, selling property of Baháüu'lláh, and publicly "misrepresenting the teachings and deliberately causing confusion in minds of authorities and the local population".
Most of the groups regarded by the larger group of BaháüÃÂs as Covenant-breakers originated in the claims of Charles Mason Remey to the Guardianship in 1960. The Will and Testament of ûAbdu'l-Bahá states that Guardians should be lineal descendants of Baháüu'lláh, that each Guardian must select his successor during his lifetime, and that the nine Hands of the Cause of God permanently stationed in the Holy Land must approve the appointment by majority vote. BaháüÃÂs interpret lineal descendency to mean physical familial relation to Baháüu'lláh, of which Mason Remey was not.
Almost all of BaháüÃÂs accepted the determination of the Hands of the Cause that upon the death of Shoghi Effendi, he died "without having appointed his successor". There was an absence of a valid descendant of Baháüu'lláh who could qualify under the terms of ûAbdu'l-Bahá's will. Later the Universal House of Justice, initially elected in 1963, made a ruling on the subject that it was not possible for another Guardian to be appointed.
In 1960 Remey, a Hand of the Cause himself, retracted his earlier position, and claimed to have been coerced. He claimed to be the successor to Shoghi Effendi. He and the small number of people who followed him were expelled from the mainstream Baháüàcommunity by the Hands of the Cause. Those close to Remey claimed that he went senile in old age, and by the time of his death he was largely abandoned, with his most prominent followers fighting amongst themselves for leadership.
The largest group of the remaining followers of Remey, members of the "Orthodox BaháüàFaith", believe that legitimate authority passed from Shoghi Effendi to Mason Remey to Joel Marangella. They, therefore, regard the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel to be illegitimate, and its members and followers to be Covenant-breakers.
In 2009, Jeffery Goldberg and Janice Franco, both from the mainstream Baháüàcommunity, joined the Orthodox BaháüàFaith. Both of them were declared as Covenant-breakers and shunned. Goldberg's wife was told to divorce her husband.
The present descendants of expelled members of Baháüu'lláh's family have not specifically been declared Covenant-breakers, though they mostly do not associate themselves with the Baháüàreligion.
A small group of BaháüÃÂs in Northern New Mexico believe that these descendants are eligible for appointment to the Guardianship and are waiting for such a direct descendant of Baháüu'lláh to arise as the rightful Guardian.
Enayatullah (Zabih) Yazdani was designated a Covenant-breaker in June 2005, after many years of insisting on his views that Mason Remey was the legitimate successor to Shoghi Effendi and of accepting Donald Harvey as the third guardian. He is now the fifth guardian of a small group of BaháüÃÂs and resides in Australia.
There is also a small group in Montana, originally inspired by Leland Jensen, who claimed a status higher than that of the Guardian. His failed apocalyptic predictions and unsuccessful efforts to reestablish the Guardianship and the administration were apparent by his death in 1996. A dispute among Jensen's followers over the identity of the Guardian resulted in another division in 2001.
Juan Cole, an American professor of Middle Eastern history who had been a Baháüàfor 25 years, left the religion in 1996 after being approached by a Continental Counselor about his involvement in a secret email list that was organizing opposition to certain Baháüàinstitutions and policies. Cole was never labeled a Covenant-breaker, because he claimed to be a Unitarian-Universalist upon leaving. He went on to publish three papers in journals in 1998, 2000, and 2002. These heavily criticized the Baháüàadministration in the United States and suggested cult-like tendencies, particularly regarding the requirement of pre-publication review and the practice of shunning Covenant-breakers. For example, Cole wrote in 1998, "BahaâÂÂis, like members of The Watchtower and other cults, shun those who are excommunicated." In 2000, he wrote: "Baha'i authorities... keep believers in line by appealing to the welfare and unity of the community, and if these appeals fail then implicit or explicit threats of disfellowshipping and even shunning are invoked. ... Shunning is the central control mechanism in the Baha'i system" In 2002, he wrote: "Opportunistic sectarian-minded officials may have seen this... as a time when they could act arbitrarily and harshly against intellectuals and liberals, using summary expulsion and threats of shunning".
Moojan Momen, a Baháüàauthor, reviewed 66 exit narratives of former BaháüÃÂs, and identified 1996 (Cole's departure) to 2002 as a period of "articulate and well-educated" apostates that used the newly available Internet to connect with each other and form a community with its own "mythology, creed and salvation stories becoming what could perhaps be called an anti-religion". According to Momen, the narrative among these apostates of a "fiercely aggressive religion where petty dictators rule" is the opposite experience of most members, who see "peace as a central teaching", "consultative decision-making", and "mechanisms to guard against individuals attacking the central institutions of the Bahá'àFaith or creating schisms." On the practice of shunning, Momen writes that it is "rarely used and is only applied after prolonged negotiations fail to resolve the situation. To the best knowledge of the present author it has been used against no more than a handful of individuals in over two decades and to only the first of the apostates described below [Francesco Ficicchia] more than twenty-five years ago - although it is regularly mentioned in the literature produced by the apostates as though it were a frequent occurrence."