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Coelodus

Coelodus is an extinct genus of marine and possibly freshwater pycnodont fish. It contains only one definitive species, C. saturnus <small>Heckel, 1854</small> (=C. rosthorni <small>Heckel, 1854</small>, C. suillus <small>Heckel, 1854</small>), from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian to Santonian) of Slovenia. Other species from the Late Jurassic to the Eocene have also been attributed to this genus based on isolated dental elements, but their assignment to Coelodus is uncertain, and this genus likely represents a non-monophyletic wastebasket taxon. A potential diagnostic trait is a prearticular tooth row with three regular highly elongated teeth.

Taxonomy

In addition to C. saturnus, the following are all dubiously classified into this genus:

  • C. anomalus <small>Choffat & Priem 1904</small> - Barremian of Portugal
  • C. arcuatus <small>Woodward 1918</small> - Berriasian of England (Purbeck Formation)
  • C. bocagei <small>Sauvage, 1897</small> - Cenomanian and Turonian of Portugal
  • C. brownii <small>Cope 1895</small> - Albian of Kansas, USA (Kiowa Shale)
  • C. bursauxi <small>Priem 1912</small> - Maastrichtian of Tunisia
  • C. cantabrigiensis <small>Woodward 1895</small> - Cenomanian of England (Cambridge Greensand)
  • C. choffati <small>Sauvage 1898</small> - Cenomanian of Portugal
  • C. crassus <small>Dartevelle & Casier, 1949</small> - Maastrichtian of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kongo Central)
  • C. cuneiformis <small>Sauvage 1898</small> - Cenomanian of Portugal
  • C. decaturensis <small>Gidley 1913</small> - Albian of Texas, USA
  • C. delabathiei <small>(Priem 1924)</small> - Coniacian/Santonian of Madagascar
  • C. delgadoi <small>Sauvage 1898</small> - Cenomanian of Portugal
  • C. ellipticus <small>Egerton 1877</small> - Albian of England (Folkestone Formation)
  • C. fabadens <small>Gidley 1913</small> - Early Cretaceous of Texas, USA
  • C. fabarius <small>(Sismonda 1861)</small> - Early Cretaceous of Italy
  • C. feddeni <small>(Prasad & Raghavendra 1959)</small> - Paleocene of Sindh, Pakistan
  • C. gasperinii <small>Gorjanović-Kramberger 1902</small>
  • C. glauconiensis <small>Leriche, 1929</small> - Santonian of Belgium
  • C. gridellii <small>d'Erasmo 1952</small> - Late Cretaceous of Italy
  • C. gyrodoides <small>Egerton 1877</small> - Late Cretaceous of Lyme Regis, England
  • C. hirudo <small>(Agassiz 1836)</small> - Valanginian of England
  • C. inaequidens <small>Woodward 1893</small> - Cenomanian of England (Cambridge Greensand)
  • C. jacobi <small>Menon & Prasad 1959</small> - Eocene of Assam, India (Garo Hills)
  • C. jourdani <small>de Saint Seine 1949</small> - Kimmeridgian of France (Cerin)
  • C. laevidens <small>Woodward 1918</small> - Berriasian of England (Purbeck Formation)
  • C. latus <small>Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895</small> - Cenomanian of Slovenia
  • C. laurentii <small>Priem 1908</small> - Late Jurassic of France
  • C. malwaensis <small>Chiplonkar & Ghare 1977</small> - Cenomanian of India (Nimar Sandstone)
  • C. mesorachis <small>Heckel 1854</small> - Cenomanian/Turonian of Croatia
  • C. mokattamensis <small>Priem 1897</small> - Eocene of Egypt and Qatar
  • C. morgani <small>Priem 1908</small> - Maastrichtian of Iran
  • C. multidens <small>Woodward 1918</small> - Barremian of England (Wealden Formation)
  • C. multipinnatus <small>Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895</small> - Cenomanian-Turonian of Slovenia
  • C. muraltii <small>Heckel 1848</small> - Late Cretaceous of Croatia
  • C. oblongus <small>Heckel 1854</small> - Cenomanian/Turonian of Croatia
  • C. ovalis <small>Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895</small>
  • C. parallelus <small>(Egerton ex Dixon 1850)</small> - Turonian of England
  • C. pellei <small>(Priem 1903)</small> - Early Eocene of Tunisia
  • C. plethodon <small>Arambourg & Joleaud 1943</small> - Cenomanian/Turonian of Niger, Maastrichtian of Algeria
  • C. portucalensis <small>Jonet 1981</small> - Cenomanian of Portugal
  • C. priemi <small>Leriche 1903</small> - Late Jurassic of France
  • C. ribeiroi <small>Sauvage 1898</small> - Turonian of Portugal
  • C. rostratus <small>Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895</small> - Cenomanian of Slovenia
  • C. soleri <small>Rullán 1948</small> - Albian/Cenomanian of Catalonia, Spain
  • C. stantoni <small>Williston 1900</small> - Albian of Kansas, USA (Kiowa Shale)
  • C. subsimilis <small>(Cornuel 1880) Priem 1912</small> - Late Jurassic of France
  • C. syriacus <small>Hussakof 1916</small> - Late Cretaceous of Lebanon
  • C. vetteri <small>Gorjanović-Kramberger 1895</small> - Cenomanian-Turonian of Slovenia
  • C. zambiensis <small>Dartevelle & Casier 1949</small> - Turonian of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kongo Central)

A number of former species in this genus based on complete fossil specimens, such as C. costae <small>Heckel, 1856</small> (=C. achillis <small>(Costa 1853)</small>, C. discus <small>Heckel 1856</small>, C. grandis <small>(Costa 1855)</small>, C. pyrrhurus <small>Heckel, 1854</small>) C. subdiscus <small>Wenz, 1989</small>, C. rosadoi <small>Silva Santos, 1963</small> and C. toncoensis <small>Benedetto & Sanchez ,1972</small> have since been reclassified into the genera Ocloedus and Costapycnodus, and many of these dentition-only taxa may belong there instead. Others, such as the former C. muensteri, are now placed in Anomoeodus.

Indeterminate remains are known from the Csehbánya Formation of Hungary and the Kem Kem Beds of Morocco. Notably, these formations, in addition to other formations that Coelodus remains are known from worldwide, are freshwater deposits, suggesting at a potentially amphidromous lifestyle for Coelodus given its occurrence in marine environments as well. It is possible that freshwater and brackish environments served as refugia for Coelodus, allowing for it to survive the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

See also

References