Coal Valley Township is located in Rock Island County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 4,408 and it contained 1,910 housing units.
Coal Valley Township was named for coal mines in the vicinity.
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 97.68%) is land and (or 2.32%) is water.
Quad City International Airport is partially in Coal Valley Township.