Metrical poetry in Sanskrit is called Chandas () or Chandas/Chandassu () and Chandassu (). The term Chandas ( (singular), (plural)) means "pleasing, alluring, lovely, delightful, or charming", and is based on the root chad, which means "esteemed to please, to seem good, feel pleasant, and/or something that nourishes, gratifies, or is celebrated". Chandas refers to the Vedas themselves. Krishna refers to the Vedas as leaves of the tree of creation. Vedas being in verse-form (Chandas), also came to be known as Chandas. The term also refers to "any metrical part of the Vedas or other composition". Prose and poetry follows the rules of Chandas to design the structural features of 'poetry'. Chhandas is a definable aspect of many definable and indefinable aspects of poetry. Chhandas generates rhythm to the literature when the rules are properly followed. Rhythm is important to literature as a preliminary attraction.
In Telugu, 'Chandas' is constructed based on the number of aká¹£ara (roughly syllables) in each line (also called pÃÂdam) of a poem.
As the same lines are repeated (ÃÂvá¹Âtta), these are called vá¹ÂttÃÂ. If all the lines in a poem follow the same 'types of aká¹£arÃÂs', it is called a 'sama Vrutta'.
There are separate Telugu equivalents for the English words 'letter' and 'syllable'. The first one is namu (letter). This is the basic 'letter' of the Telugu in the alphabets, and is called vará¹Âa-samÃÂmnÃÂya. There are 56 vará¹Âa-samÃÂmnÃÂya in Telugu.
The equivalent for 'syllable' in Telugu is aká¹£aramu. 'Syllable' is often defined as the 'unit of pronunciation at a stretch' with a collection of letters (NÃÂs) in it.
For example, in a word like svapnamu, sva is an aká¹£aramu (syllable), but not a namu (letter) as it has two nÃÂs (sa and va) in it.
These aká¹£ara are divided into laghuvu (light) and guruvu (heavy) based on the time period of pronunciation. These aká¹£ara are the fundamental aspects in constructing chandas in Telugu.
Meters of the same length are distinguished by the pattern of laghuvu ("light") and guruvu ("heavy") syllables in the pÃÂdam.
Pattern of laghuvu and guruvu in a sequence of three is called Gaá¹Âam (group). The word ya-mÃÂ-tÃÂ-rÃÂ-ja-bhÃÂ-na-sa-la-gam is called Gana Suchi. The Ganas are the same as Sanskrit Chandas.
These are divided into three major categories:
Based on categories of , Telugu poetry is classified as
UpajÃÂti only has yati (caesura) but no prÃÂsa (rhythm) where as JÃÂti and Vá¹Âttàcontain both yati and .
There are 26 types of chandas. Each chandas is recognized by the number of aká¹£aràpresent in each line of the poem. As an âÂÂâÂÂaká¹£araâÂÂâ can be either a âÂÂâÂÂlaghuvuâÂÂâ or a âÂÂ'guruvu'âÂÂ, the number of variations possible in each type of 'chandas' follows a 'binary system'. The names and numbers of 'âÂÂchandas'â and the numbers of âÂÂ'sama vá¹ÂttÃÂ'â that can be generated in each variety are as follows:
The total number of sama vá¹Âtta in 26 is 134,217,726.
The poetical works of Old Kannada and Middle Kannada followed the rules of Chandas given by Nagavarma I in the book Chandombudhi. Kannada prosody is classified into three parts:
PrÃÂsa, or the rhyme scheme, refers to the same consonant repeating periodically in each line. There are two types:
While reading poetry, to breathe, readers paused at places in the text. These places were called Yati. However, the usage of 'Yati' is uncommon in Kannada literature.
Gana refers to a group. In Kannada prosody, Gana refers to the group of the syllables, letters, or units. There are three types:
One means the time taken to pronounce a letter. Thus the gana classified on this basis is called MÃÂtrÃÂ Gana. While classifying, the ganas are made of 3, 4 or 5 syllables.
There are two types of syllables in Sanskrit :
A letter is considered as Laghu when it does not have the above features.
A kanda poem is a special type of Kannada prosody. The poem has four lines, where the first and third lines and the second and fourth lines have same number of . Each Gana used in kanda poem has four .
A à Âatpadi is a poem that has six lines. The first, second, fourth, and fifth lines have equal numbers of and third and sixth lines have same number of . Each Gana used in à Âatpadi may have 3, 4, or 5 .
There are six types of à Âatpadi. Each type has different rules, features and characteristics. The types are: à Âara (à ²¶à ²°), Kusuma (à ²Âà ³Âà ²¸à ³Âà ²®), Bhoga (à ²Âà ³Âà ²Â), BhÃÂmini (à ²Âà ²¾à ²®à ²¿à ²¨à ²¿), Parivardhini (à ²ªà ²°à ²¿à ²µà ²°à ³Âà ²§à ²¿à ²¨à ²¿), and VÃÂrdhaka (à ²µà ²¾à ²°à ³Âà ²§à ²Â).
A ragaḷe is a poem that has many lines. All lines have equal number of . There are three types of ragaḷe: UtsÃÂha (à ²Âà ²¤à ³Âà ²¸à ²¾à ²¹), Mandanila (à ²®à ²Âà ²¦à ²¾à ²¨à ²¿à ²²), and Lalita (à ²²à ²²à ²¿à ²¤).
Gana classified on the basis of letters or characters is known as Aká¹£ara Gana. The Aká¹£ara ganas are made of three letters or characters. A formula-sentence is used for this: ya-mÃÂ-tÃÂ-rÃÂ-ja-bhÃÂ-na-sa-la-gam (à ²¯à ²®à ²¾à ²¤à ²¾à ²°à ²¾à ²Âà ²Âà ²¾à ²¨à ²¸à ²²à ²Âà ²Â).
Thus we get eight akshara ganas by this. The ganas are same as in Sanskrit Chandas. The ganas are
The poems written on the basis of Aká¹£ara gana are known as Vá¹Âttas. In Kannada Chandassu there are six types of Vá¹Âttas:
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