Centruroides is a genus of scorpions of the family Buthidae. Several North American species are known by the common vernacular name bark scorpion. Numerous species are extensively found throughout the southern United States, Mexico, Central America, the Antilles and northern South America. Some are known for their interesting patterning or large size (among Buthidae); most if not all fluoresce strongly under ultraviolet illumination, except after moulting. They contain several highly venomous species, and fatalities are known to occur. The venom of the Mexican scorpion Centruroides limpidus limpidus contains the neurotoxins Cll1 and Cll2.
Taxonomy
The number of species accepted as valid may vary, depending on the authority. The genus is highly speciose, containing at least 100 species:
- Centruroides alayoni <small>Armas, 1999</small>
- Centruroides altagraciae <small>Teruel, de Armas & Kovarik, 2015</small>
- Centruroides anchorellus <small>Armas, 1976</small>
- Centruroides arctimanus <small>Armas, 1976</small>
- Centruroides baergi <small>Hoffmann, 1932</small>
- Centruroides balsasensis <small>Ponce & Francke, 2004</small>
- Centruroides bani <small>Armas & Marcano Fondeur, 1987</small>
- Centruroides baracoae <small>Armas, 1976</small>
- Centruroides barbudensis <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides berstoni <small>Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021</small>
- Centruroides bertholdii <small>(Thorell, 1876)</small>
- Centruroides bicolor <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides bonito <small>Quijano-Ravell, Teruel & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016</small>
- Centruroides caral <small>Armas & Trujillo, 2013</small>
- Centruroides caribbeanus <small>Teruel & Myers, 2017</small>
- Centruroides chamela <small>Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011</small>
- Centruroides chamulaensis <small>Hoffmann, 1932</small>
- Centruroides catemacoensis <small>Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021</small>
- Centruroides chanae <small>Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021</small>
- Centruroides chiapanensis <small>Hoffmann, 1932</small>
- Centruroides concordia <small>Armas & Teruel, 2021</small>
- Centruroides cuauhmapan <small>Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021</small>
- Centruroides edwardsii <small>(Gervais, 1843)</small>
- Centruroides elegans <small>(Thorell, 1876)</small>
- Centruroides exilicauda <small>(Wood, 1863)</small>
- Centruroides exilimanus <small>Teruel & Stockwell, 2002</small>
- Centruroides exsul <small>(Meise, 1933)</small>
- Centruroides fallassisimus <small>Armas & Trujillo, 2010</small>
- Centruroides farri <small>Armas, 1976</small>
- Centruroides flavopictus <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides franckei <small>Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013</small>
- Centruroides fulvipes <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides galano <small>Teruel, 2001</small>
- Centruroides gracilis <small>(Latreille, 1804)</small>
- Centruroides granosus <small>(Thorell, 1876)</small>
- Centruroides griseus <small>(C. L. Koch, 1844)</small>
- Centruroides guanensis <small>Franganillo, 1930</small>
- Centruroides hamadryas <small>Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021</small>
- Centruroides hentzi <small>(Banks, 1900)</small>
- Centruroides hirsuticauda <small>Teruel, 2011</small>
- Centruroides hirsutipalpus <small>Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2009</small>
- Centruroides hoffmanni <small>Armas, 1996</small>
- Centruroides huichol <small>Teruel, Ponce-Saavedra & Quijano-Ravell, 2015</small>
- Centruroides infamatus <small>(C. L. Koch, 1844)</small>
- Centruroides insulanus <small>(Thorell, 1876)</small>
- Centruroides ixil <small>Trujillo & Armas, 2016</small>
- Centruroides jaragua <small>Armas, 1999</small>
- Centruroides jorgeorum <small>Santiago-Blay, 2009</small>
- Centruroides koesteri <small>Kraepelin, 1912</small>
- Centruroides lauriadnae <small>Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2019</small>
- Centruroides limbatus <small>(Pocock, 1898) </small>
- Centruroides limpidus <small>(Karsch, 1879)</small>
- Centruroides luceorum <small>Armas, 1999</small>
- Centruroides lucidus <small>Teruel, Armas & Kovarik, 2015</small>
- Centruroides marcanoi <small>Armas, 1981</small>
- Centruroides margaritatus <small>(Gervais, 1841)</small>
- Centruroides mascota <small>Ponce-Saavedra & Francke, 2011</small>
- Centruroides meisei <small>Hoffmann, 1939</small>
- Centruroides melanodactylus <small>Teruel, 2001</small>
- Centruroides navarroi <small>Teruel, 2001</small>
- Centruroides nigrescens <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides nigrimanus <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides nigropunctatus <small>Teruel, 2006</small>
- Centruroides nigrovariatus <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides nitidus <small>(Thorell, 1876)</small>
- Centruroides noxius <small>Hoffmann, 1932</small>
- Centruroides ochraceus <small>(Pocock, 1898)</small>
- Centruroides orizaba <small>Armas & Martin-Frias, 2003</small>
- Centruroides ornatus <small>Pocock, 1902</small>
- Centruroides pallidiceps <small>Pocock, 1902</small>
- Centruroides panamensis <small>Arias & Esposito, 2014</small>
- Centruroides platnicki <small>Armas, 1981</small>
- Centruroides pococki <small>Sissom & Francke, 1983</small>
- Centruroides polito <small>Teruel, 2007</small>
- Centruroides poncei <small>Teruel, Kovarik, Baldazo-Monsivais & Hoferek, 2015</small>
- Centruroides possanii <small>Gonzalez-Santillan, Galan-Sanchez & Valdez-Velazquez, 2019</small>
- Centruroides rileyi <small>Sissom, 1995</small>
- Centruroides robertoi <small>Armas, 1976</small>
- Centruroides rodolfoi <small>Santibanez-Lopez & Contreras-Felix, 2013</small>
- Centruroides romeroi <small>Quijano-Ravell, De Armas, Francke & Ponce-Saavedra, 2019</small>
- Centruroides ruana <small>Quijano-Ravell & Ponce-Saavedra, 2016</small>
- Centruroides sanandres <small>Armas, Sarmiento & Florez, 2012</small>
- Centruroides sasae <small>Santiago-Blay, 2009</small>
- Centruroides schmidti <small>Sissom, 1995</small>
- Centruroides sculpturatus <small>Ewing, 1928</small>
- Centruroides serrano <small>Santibanez-Lopez & Ponce-Saavedra, 2009</small>
- Centruroides simplex <small>(Thorell, 1876)</small>
- Centruroides sissomi <small>Armas, 1996</small>
- Centruroides spectatus <small>Teruel, 2006</small>
- Centruroides stockwelli <small>Teruel, 2001</small>
- Centruroides suffusus <small>(Pocock, 1902)</small>
- Centruroides tapachulaensis <small>Hoffmann, 1932</small>
- Centruroides tecomanus <small>Hoffmann, 1932</small>
- Centruroides tenuis <small>Thorell, 1876</small>
- Centruroides testaceus <small>(DeGeer, 1778)</small>
- Centruroides thorellii <small>(Kraepelin, 1891)</small>
- Centruroides tuxtla <small>Armas, 1999</small>
- Centruroides underwoodi <small>Armas, 1976</small>
- Centruroides villegasi <small>Baldazo-Monsivaiz, Ponce-Saavedra & Flores-Moreno, 2013</small>
- Centruroides vittatus <small>(Say, 1821)</small>
- Centruroides yucatanensis <small>Goodman, Prendini, Francke & Esposito, 2021</small>
References