Cantonese is an analytic language in which the arrangement of words in a sentence is important to its meaning. A basic sentence is in the form of SVO, i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object, though this order is often violated because Cantonese is a topic-prominent language. Unlike synthetic languages, seldom do words indicate time, gender and number by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and particles, or are deduced from the context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation.
A verb itself indicates no tense. The time can be explicitly shown with time-indicating adverbs. Certain exceptions exist, however, according to the pragmatic interpretation of a verb's meaning. Additionally, an optional aspect particle can be appended to a verb to indicate the state of an event. Appending interrogative or exclamative particles to a sentence turns a sentence into a question or shows the attitudes of the speaker.
In contrast to many European languages, Cantonese verbs are marked for aspect rather than tenseâÂÂthat is, whether an event has begun, is ongoing, or has been completed. TenseâÂÂwhere an event occurs within time, i.e. past, present, futureâÂÂis specified through the use of time adverbs. In addition, verbal complements may convey aspectual distinctions, indicating whether an event is just beginning, is continuing, or at completion, and also the effect of the verb on its object(s).
Aspect particles are usually treated as suffixes bound to the verb. Aspect particles can also be added to an adjective and function as a verb "be (adjective)".
Cantonese uses the following pronouns, which like in many other Sinitic languages, function as both nominative (English: I, he, we) and accusative (me, him, us):
States and qualities are generally expressed using stative verbs that do not require the verb "to be". For example, to say "I am hungry", one would say æÂÂèÂÂ餠ngo5 tou5 ngo6 (literally: I stomach hungry).
With noun complements, the verb ä¿ hai6 serves as the verb "to be".
Another use of 俠is in cleft constructions for emphasis, much like the English construction "It's ... that ...". The sentence particle å ge3 is often found along with it.
To indicate location, the words åº hai2 (a "lazy" variation is å hoeng2) which are collectively known as the locatives or sometimes coverbs in Chinese linguistics, are used to express "to be at":
Many negation words start with the sound m- in Cantonese; for example, å m4 "not", å mou5 "to not have (done sth)", æª mei6 "not yet". Verbs are negated by adding the character å m4 in front of it. For example:
The exception is the word æ jau5 'to have', which turns into å mou5 'to not have' without the use of å m4.
The negative imperative is formed by prefixing Ã¥ÂÂ好 m4 hou2 (also pronounced mou2) or åª mai5 in front of the verb:
In contrast to the examples of sentential negation above where the entire sentence is negated, å m4 can be used lexically to negate a single word. The negated word often differs slightly in meaning from the original word; that is, this lexical negation is a kind of derivation. Evidence for this is that they can be used with the perfective aspect particle å zo2, which is not possible with sententially negated verbs.
is perfectly acceptable, but
is ungrammatical. (The correct expression should be æÂÂÃ¥ÂÂé£Âå¢ ngo5 mou5 sik6 je5: æÂÂ(I)Ã¥ÂÂ(did not)é£Â(eat)å¢(something/anything), but actually with an emphasis on not doing an action, as it is the negation of æÂÂæÂÂé£Âå¢ ngo5 yau5 sik6 je5: æÂÂ(I)æÂÂ(did)é£Â(eat)å¢(something/anything).)
Questions are not formed by changing the word order as in English. Sentence final particles and certain interrogative constructions are used instead.
There are two ways to form a yesâÂÂno questions. One way is by the use of final particle and/or intonation alone. The question particle å aa4 indicates surprise or disapproval. It tends to presuppose a positive answer.
The particle å© me1 is exclusively interrogative, indicating surprise and used to check the truth of an unexpected state of affairs.
A question may be indicated by a high rising intonation alone at the end of a question. (This intonation can be considered a nonsyllabic final particle indicating a question.) This intonation pattern usually modifies or exaggerates the basic tone of the last syllable. This type of question is used especially for echo, where the questioner repeats a statement out of surprise.
The other way to form yesâÂÂno questions uses a special construction in which the head of the predicate, say X, is replaced by X-not-X. Final particles may be used in addition.
This form of yesâÂÂno questions looks less similar to the "X-not-X" type, but it is still considered in this type, because the "X" after "not" is omitted. For example, the example question above can be expanded as ä½ åÂȎÂÂå¾·åÂÂæªåÂȎÂÂ? nei5 heoi3 gwo3 Dak1 gwok3 mei6 heoi3 gwo3.
A syntax of yesâÂÂno question in the form "X-not-X" is actually a contraction of a combination of syntax of an affirmative sentence and the syntax of a negative sentence.
Questions use exactly the same word order as in statements. For example: ä½ ä¿ÂéÂÂÃ¥ÂÂ? nei5 hai6 bin1 go3 "who are you?" (literally "you are who"), ä½ å¹¾æÂÂÃ¥ÂȎÂÂ度è¦ÂéÂÂÃ¥ÂÂÃ¥ÂÂ? nei5 gei2 si4 heoi3 bin1 dou6 gin3 bin1 go aa3 "When will you go? Where will you go and who will you meet?" (literally "you when go where meet who"). Note that more than one interrogative words can be put in a single sentence at a same time.
The proximal demonstrative ("this"), is å¢ ni1 / nei1, or more frequently in fast speech, 侠ji1 (+ measure word). For example:
The distal demonstrative ("that") is å° go2. For example:
Between the demonstrative and its noun, a certain word to link them must be used, whether a corresponding classifier for the noun for singular count nouns or å² di1 for plural count nouns and mass nouns:
N.B.: å² di1 is a very versatile word in Cantonese, besides pluralizing certain phrases, it can also mean "a little/few", e.g. ä¸Âå² jat1 di1 "a little", or æ©å² zou2 di1 "earlier" (literally: early + (intensifier)).
However, in the case where there's an implied plural noun, one does not say:
For example:
å å ge3 aa3 is usually shortened in speech into one syllable, ãÂÂ/å gaa3.
Both of these are generic possessives.
The "part of speech" (POS) in Cantonese is different from English. Usually, a word can be used in different POS, without any changes. Example: è·ÂæÂÂ¥ (Meaning: running), can be either verb or noun.
ä½ å¯以åº堬åÂÂè·ÂæÂÂ¥ (You can run at the park) [è·ÂæÂÂ¥ act as a verb]
è·ÂæÂ¥ä¿ÂæÂÂå èÂÂ趣 (Running is my hobby) [è·ÂæÂÂ¥ act as a noun]
Moreover, particles may also change the POS.
E.g. ç¢Â湯ä¿Âç±å OR ç¢Â湯ç±å means: the bowl of soup is hot
But ç¢Â湯ä¿Âç± means: the bowl of soup == (the concept of) hot, which does not make sense. (Since with ä¿Â, the word after it is understood as a noun but not adjective. ç±å should be used, as the POS of ç±å would only be adjective.)
This concept is similar in Mandarin Chinese, replacing ä¿ with æ¯, and replacing å with çÂÂ.
To alter the mood or lead other focuses, other final particles can also be used to substitute the particle å , like ãÂÂ.
The following Cantonese grammatical points are not found in Mandarin Chinese.
The direct object precedes the indirect object when using the verb ç bei2 "to give". In Mandarin verbs of giving, an indirect object precedes a direct object.
compared to Mandarin
The suffix used for the plural of pronouns, å dei6, cannot associate with human nouns, unlike its similar Mandarin counterpart å -men. Mandarin å¸çÂÂå xuéshengmen "the students" would be rendered in Cantonese as:
While the vocative use of å¸çÂÂå xuéshengmen "students" would be rendered in Cantonese as:
There are words in Mandarin which often require the suffixes å -zi or é  -tou, but they are normally optional in Cantonese, e.g. Mandarin éÂÂå xiézi "shoe" and ç³頠shÃÂtou "rock" can be é haai4 and ç³ sek6 in Cantonese.
Classifiers can be used instead of the possessive å ge3 to indicate possession of a single object. Classifiers cannot be used this way in Mandarin.
Classifiers in both Cantonese and Mandarin can serve to individualize a noun, giving it a singular meaning (or plural in the case å² di1). However, such a construction in Mandarin will be of indefinite reference, unless a demonstrative (e.g. é zhè "this") or the universal quantifier (毠mÃÂi "every") is present. Furthermore, there are great limitations on using this construction in subject position in Mandarin. In Cantonese, these restrictions do not exist.
Adjective comparison in Cantonese is formed by adding the marker é gwo3 after an adjective. The adjective-marker construction serves as a transitive verb which takes the standard of comparison as an object.
In Standard Mandarin, comparison is marked by adding 毠bÃÂ, which serves in an adverbial phrase, leaving the adjective itself unchanged. The sentence above is translated into Mandarin as:
Alternatively the plural marker å² di1 alone (without the numeral 丠jat1) can be used use as the sole complement of the verbal adjective.
Cantonese has a dedicated habitual aspect marker, é hoi1, with no similar counterpart in Mandarin.
In Cantonese, there must always be an agent in a passive, while in Mandarin this isn't the case. If there's no known or specific agent, Cantonese must at least use 人 jan4 "someone" as a dummy agent.
It is possible to stack various of such particles one after the other, while Mandarin is restricted to sentence-final 亠and one particle.
There is no gender distinction between the third person singulars of he, she and it in spoken or written Cantonese (ä½¢); however in written Cantonese of formal register, which is similar to Mandarin, male and female may be distinguished with two different characters, ä» for male and 她 for female, as well as å® for inanimate objects (including plants), ç for (non-human) animals, and 祠for god(s), which all have the same pronunciation.