Canteen Township is located in St. Clair County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 10,263 and it contained 4,027 housing units. Canteen Township was formed from Centreville Station Township when it was subdivided on March 5, 1910.
According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , of which (or 97.64%) is land and (or 2.36%) is water.