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Bororoan languages

The Borôroan languages of Brazil and Bolivia are Borôro and the extinct Umotína, Kovareka, Kuruminaka and Otuke. They are sometimes considered to form part of the proposed Macro-Jê language family, though this has been disputed.

They are called the Borotuke languages by Mason (1950), a portmanteau of Bororo and Otuke.

Languages

The relationship between the languages is,

Gorgotoqui may have also been a Bororoan language. and Francis de Castelnau, has been identified by Camargo (2014) as a separate language distinct from Bororo proper.

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following languages of the Boróro stock:

  • Boróro / Coroados / Biribocone - extinct language once spoken on the Cabaçal and Jauru Rivers, state of Mato Grosso.
  • Aravirá – extinct language once spoken on the Cabaçal River and Sepotuba River in Mato Grosso. [Is a synonym of Bororo of Cabaçal.]
  • Orari / Eastern Boróro / Orarimugodoge - language spoken by an ancient warlike tribe on the Valhas River, Garças River, and Madeira River, Mato Grosso. [Is a dialect of Bororo proper.]
  • Umutina / Barbudo - spoken by a few families between the Paraguai and Bugres Rivers, Mato Grosso.
  • Otuque / Loushiru - spoken at the ancient mission of Santo Corazon in the Bolivian Chaco, now by a few individuals.
  • Covare - extinct language once spoken at the ancient mission of Santa Ana de Chiquitos, Bolivia.
  • Curumina - extinct language from the ancient mission of Casalvasco.
  • Curucane / Carruacane - extinct language once spoken at the ancient mission of San Rafael, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
  • Curave / Ecorabe - extinct language once spoken at the ancient mission of Santo Corazon, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
  • Tapii - extinct language from the ancient mission of Santiago de Chiquitos, Bolivia. (Unattested.)

Mason (1950)

The following are listed as Bororo varieties by Mason (1950):

Bororo
  • Eastern: Orarimugudoge
  • Western: Cabasal; Campanya
  • Acioné
  • Aravira
  • Biriuné
  • Coroa (?)
  • Coxipo (?)

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.

Proto-language

For a list of Proto-Bororo reconstructions by , see the corresponding .

External relations

The Bororoan languages are commonly thought to be part of the Macro-Jê language family.

Ceria & Sandalo (1995) note parallels between Bororo and the Guaicuruan languages. Kaufman (1994) has suggested a relationship with the Chiquitano language, which Nikulin (2020) considers to be a sister of Macro-Jê. Furthermore, Nikulin (2019) has suggested that Bororoan has a relationship with the Cariban and Kariri languages:

An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013) also found lexical similarities between Bororoan and Cariban.

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Guato, Karib, Kayuvava, Nambikwara, and Tupi language families due to contact.

Cariban influence in Bororoan languages was due to the later southward expansion of Cariban speakers into Bororoan territory. Ceramic technology was also adopted from Cariban speakers. Similarly, Cariban borrowings are also present in the Karajá languages. Karajá speakers had also adopted ceramic technology from Cariban speakers.

Similarities with Cayuvava are due to the expansion of Bororoan speakers into the Chiquitania region.

References

Further reading