List of Arthurian literature

This is a bibliography of works about King Arthur, his family, friends or enemies. This bibliography includes works that are notable or are by notable authors.

6th century

• De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by Gildas (mentions the Battle of Mons Badonicus, but famously neglects to mention Arthur)

9th century

• Historia Brittonum attributed to Nennius

10th century

Latin

• Annales Cambriae, anonymous

Welsh

• Preiddeu Annwfn attributed to Taliesin
• Pa Gur yv y Porthaur (), anonymous (a dialogue between Arthur and a gatekeeper, in which he boasts about Cei's battle with the Cath Palug)
• Englynion y Beddau (), anonymous (Arthur's grave site is a mystery)

11th century

Latin

• The Legend of St. Goeznovius, anonymous (Saxon resurgence when Arthur is "recalled from the actions of the world" may be a reference to his immortality.; Vortigern mentioned)
• Vita Sancti Cadoc by Lifris of Llancarfan (Arthur wants to ravish Gwladys whom Gundliauc elopes with, but aids them by Kay and Bedivere's counsel. St. Cadoc harbors a killer of Arthur's men and pays cattle as recompense, but they transform into bundles of ferns.)

Welsh

• Trioedd Ynys Prydein () 11th–14th century. (Twelve triads referring to Arthur. Others mention Mabon and Drystan, etc.)
• Trioedd y meirch () (mentions the horse names of Cei (Sir Kay), Gwalchmai's horse Ceincaled.)
• Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Prydain () 15th–16th centuries
• Pedwar marchog ar hugain llys () 15th–16th centuries (mentions the sword Caledfwlch and the spear Rhongomiant)

12th century

Welsh

• Culhwch and Olwen, anonymous,

Latin

• Vita Sancti Carannog (at Arthur's requests, Carannog tames a dragon. Cato (Kay) is depicted as feeding it.)
• Vita Sancti Euflami (Arthur cannot defeat dragon, but Efflam causes it to plunge from a rock through prayer)
• Vita Sancti Paternus (mentions Arthur and Caradoc)
• Gesta Regum Anglorum by William of Malmesbury 1125 (Arthur wears image of Mary; Discovery of Gawain's tomb.)
• Historia Anglorum by Henry of Huntingdon 1129 (mentions Arthur)
• Vita Santi Gildae by Caradoc of Llancarfan (early version of Malegant-Guenivere abduction narrative.)
• Works of Geoffrey of Monmouth are the main source of information for those writing on the legend.
• Historia Regum Britanniae
• Vita Merlini
• Vera historia de morte Arthuri
• De miraculis sanctae Mariae Laudunensis by Herman of Tournai 1147 (early witness to the legend of Arthur's survival)
• Life of Saint Kentigern by Jocelyn of Furness (contains a version of the legend of Merlin, here called Lailoken)
• Vita Sancti Illtud (Illtud came across from Brittany to visit his cousin Arthur's court. King Mark mentioned.)

French and Anglo-Norman

• Roman de Brut by Wace (an Anglo-Norman verse reworking of Historia Regum Britanniae)
• Draco Normannicus by Étienne de Rouen (an epic chronicle of Normandy, it is the first text to mention Morgan Le Fay as Arthur's sister)
• Tristan by Thomas of Britain
• Tristan by Béroul
• Folie Tristan d'Oxford,
• The Lais of Marie de France
• Lanval
• Chevrefoil (an episode of the Tristan and Iseult story)
• The poems of Chrétien de Troyes
• Erec and Enide
• Cligés
• Yvain, the Knight of the Lion
• Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart
• Perceval, le Conte du Graal
• Tristan mentioned but non-extant
• The poems of Robert de Boron
• ' (extant)
• Merlin (partly extant in 300 lines)
• Perceval
• The (a rendering of a lost poem titled Perceval by Robert de Boron)
• Le Bel Inconnu by Renaut de Beujeu
• Lai du Cor by Robert Biket (Caradoc succeeds in drinking from horn, proves wife's chastity)
• La Mantel Mautaillé (Caradoc's wife passes the chastity test by wearing an ill-fitting mantel)
• La Mule sans frein

German

• Tristan by Eilhart von Oberge
• Lanzelet by Ulrich von Zatzikhoven late 12th century (a rendering of a lost French tale of Lancelot that likely predates Chrétien de Troyes's famous Lancelot or the Knight of the Cart. Ulrich von Zatzikhoven obtained a copy of the original book in 1194 and translated the work from French into German.)
• The poems of Hartmann von Aue
• Iwein, late 12th century (German adaptation of Chrétien's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion)
• Erec, late 12th century (expanded reworking of Chrétien's Erec and Enide)

13th century

French, Anglo-Norman or Provençal

• Roman de Fergus by Guillaume le Clerc 1190s/1200s
• Jaufré (Occitan verse)
• La Vengeance Raguidel by Raoul (sometimes identified as Raoul de Houdenc)
• Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate Cycle), anonymous
• Estoire del Saint Grail
• Estoire de Merlin
• Lancelot propre
• Queste del Saint Graal
• Mort Artu
• Perlesvaus, anonymous,
• Prose Tristan by "Luce de Gat" (1230s) and "Helie de Boron" (c. 1240)
• Post-Vulgate Cycle, anonymous begun 1230s, finished 1240s
• Palamedes composed between 1235 and 1240
• L'âtre périlleux, anonymous
• ',
• Roman de Silence by Heldrius de Cornwall
• Roman de Roi Artus aka Compilation by Rusticiano (Rustichello da Pisa); Franco-Italian,
• Gyron le courtois (published 1501?)
• Meliadus de Leonnoys (published 1528 by Galliot du Pré, 1532 by Denys Janot)

German

• Tristan by Gottfried von Strassburg
• Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach
• Wigalois by Wirnt von Grafenberg
• Daniel von Blumenthal by Der Stricker
• Diu Crône by Heinrich von dem Türlin
• The poems of Der Pleier
• Garel von dem blühenden Tal, or
• Tandareis und Flordibel
• Meleranz
• Der Mantel, once attributed to Heinrich von dem Türlin (the "ill-fitting mantle" chastity test theme)

Norse

• Brother Robert's prose renditions
• Tristrams saga ok Ísöndar 1226 (Norse reworking Tristan by Thomas of Britain)
• Ívens saga 1226 (Norse reworking of Chrétien's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion)
• Erex saga, perhaps originally by Robert (text probably changed in MS. transmission; a Norse reworking of Chrétien's Erec and Enide)
• Parcevals saga
• Valvens þáttr
• Möttuls saga, adaptation of the "ill-fitting mantle" motif
• Strengleikar (translations of lais mostly by Marie de France)
• "Geitarlauf" (translation of Chevrefoil)
• "Januals ljóð" (translation of Lanval)

English

• Brut by Layamon (English reworking of Historia Regum Britanniae)
• Sir Tristrem (English reworking of Tristan by Thomas of Britain)
• Arthour and Merlin

Dutch

• ' by Penninc and Pieter Vostaert
• Roman van Ferguut (translation and reworking of the Roman de Fergus)
• The Lancelot Compilation (an adaptation of the Lancelot-Grail and other romances, 10 in all:)
• Lanceloet
• Perchevael
• Moriaen (Morien)
• '
• Wrake van Ragisel (adaptation of Vengeance Raguidel)
• Ridder metter mouwen ("The Knight with the Sleeve" )
• Walewein ende Keye
• Lanceloet en het hert met de witte voet ("Lancelot and the Stag with the White Foot")
• Torec by Jacob van Maerlant
• Arturs doet

Hebrew

• Melech Artus (), a 1279 Hebrew translation, and the first in that language, which was published in Italy. Contains several short parts of the Vulgate Cycle: the Pendragon's seduction of Igraine and Arthur's death. Total of 5 pages, at the end of a larger codex on calendar astronomy titled Sefer ha-I'bbur ("the book of making leap years"). Anonymous author.

Welsh

• Brut y Brenhinedd (Welsh chronicle adaptation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae)
• The Dream of Rhonabwy, anonymous
• The Black Book of Carmarthen, anonymous (mentions Arthur)

14th century

English

• Alliterative Morte Arthure, anonymous
• Stanzaic Morte Arthur, anonymous
• The Avowyng of Arthur
• The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle, anonymous
• The Awntyrs off Arthure, anonymous
• Sir Cleges (not closely related to Chrestien's Cliges; set in Uther Pendragon's court)
• Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by The Pearl Poet
• Sir Launfal by Thomas Chestre (a remaking of the lai of Lanval)
• Sir Libeaus Desconus
• Yvain and Gawain
• Sir Perceval of Galles
• Arthur
• Lancelot of the Laik

Welsh

(All dates for the Welsh compositions are controversial)

• Mabinogion, anonymous
• Culhwch and Olwen (recorded)
• The Welsh Romances
• Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain
• Geraint and Enid
• Peredur, son of Efrawg

Italian

• Tavola Rottonda, anonymous

French

• Perceforest, anonymous

Catalan

• La Faula by Guillem de Torroella

Greek

• O Presbus Ippotes (, ; a Greek reworking of part of Rustichello da Pisa's Compilations)

15th century

English

• Arthur
• Le Morte d'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory
• Prose Merlin
• "King Arthur and King Cornwall"
• Sir Gawain and the Carle of Carlisle

Italian

• Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo
• La Tavola Ritonda, anonymous

Icelandic

• Skikkjurímur, (a rendition of the "ill-fitting mantle" story)

Breton

• An Dialog etre Arzur Roe d'an Bretounet ha Guynglaff, anonymous

16th century

English

• Arthur of Little Britain
• The Greene Knight
• The Boy and the Mantle (ballad in the Percy Folio, chastity test story of the "ill-fitting mantle" and the horn)
• The Knightly Tale of Gologras and Gawain 1508
• The Jeaste of Sir Gawain
• The Misfortunes of Arthur by Thomas Hughes, 1587
• The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser, 1590

Welsh

• Tristan Romance, preserved in fragmentary form in several MSS.

Byelo-Russian

• ' 1560s

Yiddish

• Viduvilt (Yiddish reworking of Wigalois)

17th century

English

• Works of Richard Johnson
• Tom a Lincoln (1607)
• The History of Tom Thumbe, the Little, for his small stature surnamed, King Arthurs Dwarfe (1621)
• The Birth of Merlin, or, The Childe Hath Found His Father by William Rowley (?1620; first published 1662)
• Works of Richard Blackmore
• Prince Arthur: An Heroick Poem in Ten Books (1695)
• King Arthur: An Heroick Poem in Twelve Books (1697)

18th century

• The History of Jack and the Giants, published by J. White (1711)
• Works by Henry Fielding
• Tom Thumb
• The Tragedy of Tragedies
• Warton, Thomas (1728–1790)
• "The Grave of King Arthur" (1777)
• "On King Arthur's Round-table at Winchester" (1777)
• Vortigern and Rowena by W. H. Ireland (1799) (a Shakespearian forgery)

19th century

• "Arthur o' Bower" (1805)
• By Alfred, Lord Tennyson
• The Lady of Shalott (1833)
• Idylls of the King (1859–1885)
• The Legends of King Arthur and His Knights by James Knowles (1862)
• The Boy's King Arthur by Sidney Lanier (1880)
• Tristram of Lyonesse by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1882)
• A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain (1889)

Bulfinch, Thomas Age of Chivalry; or, Legends of King Arthur

Boston: J.E. Tilton and Company, 1872.

20th century

English

• Howard Pyle - In a four volume set including:
• "The Story of King Arthur and His Knights" (1903)
• "The Story of the Champions of the Round Table" (1905)
• "The Story of Sir Launcelot and His Companions" (1907)
• "The Story of the Grail and the Passing of King Arthur" (1910)
• The Life of Sir Aglovale de Galis (1905) by Clemence Housman
• Merlin (1917), Lancelot (1920), and Tristram (1927) by Edwin Arlington Robinson
• War in Heaven (1930) by Charles W. S. Williams, a "modern-day" (20th century) quest for the Holy Grail
• The Little Wench (1935) by Philip Lindsay
• Merlin's Godson by H. Warner Munn
• King of the World's Edge (1936)
• The Ship from Atlantis (1967)
• Merlin's Ring (1974)
• Taliessin through Logres (1938) and The Region of the Summer Stars (1944) by Charles W. S. Williams (poem cycles)
• The Once and Future King by T. H. White including
• The Sword in the Stone (1938)
• The Queen of Air and Darkness (or The Witch in the Wood) (1939)
• The Ill-Made Knight (1940)
• The Candle in the Wind (1958)
• The Book of Merlyn (1977)
• That Hideous Strength (1945) by C. S. Lewis
• Porius (A Romance of the Dark Ages) (1951) by John Cowper Powys
• King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table (1953) by Roger Lancelyn Green
• The Great Captains (1956) by Henry Treece
• Rosemary Sutcliff's Arthurian novels:
• The Lantern Bearers (1959)
• Sword at Sunset (1963)
• Tristan and Iseult (1971)
• The Shining Company (1990), a retelling of Y Gododdin, which contains the earliest mention of Arthur's name
• The Arthurian Trilogy (1979–1981), re-issued in an omnibus edition in 2007 as The King Arthur Trilogy:
• The Light Beyond the Forest (1979)
• The Sword and the Circle (1981)
• The Road to Camlann (1981)
• A Trace of Memory (1963) by Keith Laumer
• The Merlin series by Mary Stewart
• The Crystal Cave (1970)
• The Hollow Hills (1973)
• The Last Enchantment (1979)
• The Wicked Day (1983)
• The Prince and the Pilgrim (1995)
• The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights (1975) by John Steinbeck
• The Mabinogion Tetralogy (1974) by Evangeline Walton.
• ' by Thomas Berger (1978)
• The Three Damosels (1978) and The Enchantresses (1998) by Vera Chapman (the latter with Mike Ashley)
• The Old French Tristan Poems (1980) by David J. Shirt
• The Mists of Avalon (1983) by Marion Zimmer Bradley
• The White Raven (1988) by Diana L. Paxson (Tristan and Isseult)
• The Road to Avalon (1988) by Joan Wolf
• The Pendragon Cycle by Stephen Lawhead
• Taliesin (1987)
• Merlin (1988)
• Arthur (1989)
• Pendragon (1994)
• Grail (1997)
• Avalon (1999)
• The Guinevere trilogy by Persia Woolley
• Child of the Northern Spring (1987)
• Queen of the Summer Stars (1991)
• ' (1993)
• Knight Life (1987), One Knight Only (2004) and Fall of Knight (2007) by Peter David
• The Road to Avalon (1988) by Joan Wolf
• The King (1990) by Donald Barthelme
• The Arthor series by A. A. Attanasio
• The Dragon and the Unicorn (1994)
• The Eagle and the Sword (1997)
• The Wolf and the Crown (1998)
• The Serpent and the Grail (1999)
• The Child Queen (1994), The High Queen (1995), (collected in Queen of Camelot (2002)), Prince of Dreams (2004), and Grail Prince (2003) by Nancy McKenzie
• I Am Mordred (1998) by Nancy Springer
• Hallowed Isle by Diana L. Paxson: The Book of the Sword (1999), The Book of the Spear (1999), The Book of the Cauldron (1999), The Book of the Stone (2000).
• The Guenevere novels by Rosalind Miles
• Guenevere, Queen of the Summer Country (1999)
• The Knight of the Sacred Lake (2000)
• Child of the Holy Grail (2000)
• The Warlord Chronicles by Bernard Cornwell
• The Winter King
• Enemy of God
• '
• By Jane Yolen:
• Sword of the Rightful King
• The Young Merlin Trilogy
• By Gerald Morris:
• The Squire's Tale
• The Squire, His Knight, and His Lady
• The Savage Damsel and the Dwarf
• Parsifal's Page
• The Ballad of Sir Dinadan
• The Princess, the Crone, and the Dung-Cart Knight
• The Lioness and her Knight
• The Quest of the Fair Unknown
• Squire's Quest
• The Legend of the King
• The Adventures of Sir Givret the Short
• The Adventures of Sir Lancelot the Great
• By Molly Cochran and Warren Murphy
• The Forever King
• The Broken Sword
• The Third Magic
• The Coming of the King: The First Book of Merlin by Nikolai Tolstoy (1988)
• Stones of Power by David Gemmell
• Ghost King (1988)
• Last Sword of Power (1988)
• Anonymous
• King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table (Illustrated Junior Library, Deluxe edition, September 1, 1950)
• To the Chapel Perilous Naomi Mitchison (1955)
• Artorius by John Heath-Stubbs
• Quirinius, Britannia's Last Roman by Erik Hildinger (2021)
• Our Man in Camelot by Anthony Price (1975) (The sixth book in the Dr. David Audley series uses the Arthur myth as a MacGuffin in a modern spy thriller.)
• By Parke Godwin
• Firelord (1980)
• Beloved Exile (1984)
• The Last Rainbow (1985)
• The Pendragon's Banner Trilogy by Helen Hollick (re-published UK 2007 & USA 2009)
• Book One: The Kingmaking (1994)
• Book Two: Pendragon's Banner (1995)
• Book Three: Shadow of the King (1997)
• The Tales of Arthur, books of The Keltiad, by Patricia Kennealy-Morrison
• The Hawk's Grey Feather (1991)
• The Oak Above the Kings (1994)
• The Hedge of Mist (1996)
• A Dream of Eagles (Camulod Chronicles) by Jack Whyte
• The Sky Stone (1992)
• The Singing Sword (1993)
• The Eagles' Brood (1994)
• The Saxon Shore (1998)
• The Sorcerer Part 1: The Fort at River's Bend (1997)
• The Sorcerer Part 2: (1999)
• Uther (2001)
• Clothar the Frank (titled The Lance Thrower outside of Canada) (2004)
• The Eagle (2006)
• The Lost Years of Merlin Epic, by T.A. Barron
• The Lost Years of Merlin (1996)
• The Seven Songs of Merlin (1997)
• The Fires of Merlin (1998)
• The Mirror of Merlin (1999)
• The Wings of Merlin (2000)
• Albion, a trilogy of historical novels by British author Patrick McCormack (1997, 2000, 2007)
• The King Awakes and The Empty Throne by Janice Elliott, set in a Medieval-style society several generations after a nuclear war. Both novels deal with the return of King Arthur and his friendship with a youth from the post-holocaust world
• Merlin's Bones by Fred Saberhagen
• The Idylls of the Queen by Phyllis Ann Karr
• Eagle in the Snow by Wallace Breem; the coming of Arthur is foreseen by the chief of Segontium in the last page of the book
• The Winter Prince by Elizabeth Wein
• The Dragon Lord by David Drake
• Merlin's Mirror (1975) by Andre Norton
• The Return of Merlin (1995) by Deepak Chopra
• Guinevere series (1996), by Sharan Newman.
• Black Horses for the King (1996) by Anne McCaffrey.
• Camelot 3000, a comic book series that reincarnates Arthur and his knights in the far future
• The Dark Is Rising, a series written for older children and young adults, by Susan Cooper
• The Fionavar Tapestry, a fantasy trilogy by Canadian author Guy Gavriel Kay
• The Merlin Mystery, A puzzlehunt book which focused heavily on Merlin and Nimue having a love after Arthur has been entombed; it offered a cash prize as well as a gold, silver, bronze and crystal wand. However, the puzzle went unsolved and the prize unclaimed.
• The Down the Long Wind series by Gillian Bradshaw (1980–82)
• Hawk of May
• Kingdom of Summer
• In Winter's Shadow
• The Little Wench by Philip Lindsay
• Merlin (1978) by Robert Nye
• A Lady of King Arthur's Court (1907) by Sara Hawks Sterling
• Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975) by Monty Python

French

• L'Enchanteur (1984) by René Barjavel

German

• The Children of the Grail (1991) by Peter Berling
• Der Rote Ritter (1993) by Adolf Muschg

Japanese

• Kairo-kō (1905) by Natsume Sōseki

Welsh

• Ymadawiad Arthur (1902) by Thomas Gwynn Jones

21st century

• The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel series by Michael Scott mentions many artifacts and characters from Arthurian legend
• The Magic Tree House Books (1992–present) by Mary Pope Osbourne, feature Morgan Le Fay as a prominent character in the original series. The later series, entitled , more prominently included elements from Arthurian Legend. Includes works such as:
• Christmas in Camelot (2001)
• Haunted Castle on Hallow's Eve (2003)
• Summer of the Sea Serpent (2004)
• Winter of the Ice Wizard (2004)
• Night of the Ninth Dragon (2016)
• I am Morgan le Fay (2001) by Nancy Springer
• Morgan Is My Name (2023) by Sophie Keetch
• Le Fay (2024) by Sophie Keetch
• The Merlin Codex by Robert Holdstock
• Celtika (2001)
• The Iron Grail (2002)
• The Broken Kings (2007)
• Tales of Guinevere series by Alice Borchardt.
• Corbenic by Catherine Fisher (2002)
• Tristan and Isolde (2002) series by Rosalind Miles
• Sword of the Rightful King by Jane Yolen (2003)
• The House of Pendragon by Debra A. Kemp
• I: ' (2003)
• II: The Recruit (2007)
• The Extraordinary Adventures of Alfred Kropp by Rick Yancey (2005)
• Douglas Clegg: Mordred, Bastard Son (2006)
• Fate/Zero by Gen Urobuchi (2006–2007)
• Dracula vs. King Arthur by Adam Beranek, Christian Beranek and Chris Moreno (2007)
• Orion and King Arthur by Ben Bova (2011)
• Song of the Sparrow by Lisa Ann Sandell (2007)
• Camelot Lost by Jessica Bonito (Jessica McHugh) (2008)
• Avalon High by Meg Cabot
• The Sangreal Trilogy by Amanda Hemingway
• Sword of Darkness by Kinley MacGregor
• Knight of Darkness by Kinley MacGregor
• Here Lies Arthur by Philip Reeve
• The Book of Mordred by Vivian Vande Velde
• Sons of Avalon, Merlin's Prophecy by Dee Marie (2008)
• Sarah Zettel's four-part series about the brothers Gawain, Gareth, Agravain, and Geraint:
• In Camelot's Shadow (2004)
• For Camelot's Honor (2005)
• Under Camelot's Banner (2006)
• Camelot's Blood (2008)
• Merlin's Dragon Trilogy by T.A. Barron
• '; originally issued as Merlin's Dragon (2008)
• ' (2009)
• ' (2010)
• The Great Tree of Avalon Trilogy
• '; originally issued as Child of the Dark Prophecy (2004)
• ' (2005)
• ' (2007)
• Gwenhwyfar (2009) by Mercedes Lackey.
• By Nakaba Suzuki
• The Seven Deadly Sins (2012–2020), a manga loosely based on the Arthurian legend
• Four Knights of the Apocalypse (2021–present)
• The School for Good and Evil series contains many Arthurian figures, including King Arthur's son as a central character (2013–2020)
• The Fall of Arthur by J.R.R. Tolkien (published 2013, written circa 1920–30s)
• The Devices Trilogy by Philip Purser-Hallard, starting with The Pendragon Protocol (2014)
• The Buried Giant by Kazuo Ishiguro (2015)
• Garden of Avalon by Kinoko Nasu
• Camelot Rising trilogy by Kiersten White
• The Guinevere Deception (2019)
• The Camelot Betrayal (2020)
• The Excalibur Curse (2021)
• Seven Endless Forests by April Genevieve Tucholke (2020)
• Legendborn by Tracy Deonn (2020)
• Reflejos de Shalott by Gema Bonnín (2022)
• The Bright Sword by Lev Grossman (2024)

Nonfiction

• Arthur's Britain by Leslie Alcock
• The Quest for Arthur's Britain by Geoffrey Ashe
• The Medieval Quest for Arthur by Robert Rouse and Cory Rushton
• The Quest for Merlin by Nikolai Tolstoy (1985)
• The Age of Arthur: A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650 John Morris
• King Arthur: The Making of the Legend by Nicholas J. Higham
• King Arthur: Myth-Making and History by Nicholas J. Higham
• The Development of Arthurian Romance by Roger Sherman Loomis
• Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages edited by Roger Sherman Loomis

Depictions in other media

• List of works based on Arthurian legends

References

External links

• Camelot Project
• Bibliography of International Arthurian Society