Arctosa is a genus of wolf spiders first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1847, with more than 150 described species.
Life style
Arctosa species are swift runners with relatively keen eyesight. Most species inhabit sandy places such as seashores or the banks of rivers and lakes, though some occupy heath or lichen habitats in high mountains. The principal body colors are gray, off-white, and tawny brown, matching their habitat.
Description
Arctosa species are medium-sized wolf spiders with a total length ranging from 4.5 to 16.0 mm.
The carapace is broad and rather low, with relatively uniform height between the dorsal groove and posterior row of eyes. The carapace is usually glabrous or nearly so, colored yellow, off-white, or mottled with gray, yellow, or brown.
The anterior row of eyes may be straight, somewhat procurved, or recurved, and varies in length relative to the middle row. The promargin of the fang furrow bears two or three teeth, while the retromargin has three teeth. The abdomen is usually pale and mottled similar to the carapace.
The legs are usually pale and robust with dark bands, lightly scopulate. Tibia III bears two dorsal macrosetae or one plus a basal bristle, along with one to three retrolateral macrosetae. The trochanters are usually deeply notched at the tip on the ventral surface.
The terminal apophysis of the male pedipalp is conspicuous and occurs in two parts or in one part of two different shapes and degrees of sclerotization. The embolus is straight or curved and largely hidden by the median apophysis in ventral view. The epigyne of females usually has a conspicuous atrium divided by a median septum and lacks a hood.
Females usually attend their eggs in silk-lined burrows rather than carrying them about, and most species appear to be nocturnal.
Taxonomy
The numerous African Arctosa species require revision.
Species
, this genus includes 165 species and two subspecies.
These species have articles on Wikipedia:
- Arctosa albida <small>(Simon, 1898)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa alpigena <small>(Doleschall, 1852)</small> â North America, Greenland, Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East)
- A. a. lamperti <small>Dahl, 1908</small> â France, central and northern Europe, Baltic states, Romania, Russia (Europe)
- Arctosa brevispina <small>(Lessert, 1915)</small> â Tanzania, South Africa
- Arctosa capensis <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa chungjooensis <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Korea
- Arctosa cinerea <small>(Fabricius, 1777)</small> â Europe, North Africa, Congo, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Middle East, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan (type species)
- Arctosa coreana <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Korea
- Arctosa emertoni <small>Gertsch, 1934</small> â Canada, United States
- Arctosa excellens <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Portugal, Spain
- Arctosa figurata <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Europe, Caucasus
- Arctosa fulvolineata <small>(Lucas, 1846)</small> â Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, North Africa, Turkey
- Arctosa lawrencei <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa leopardus <small>(Sundevall, 1833)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Iran, Central Asia
- Arctosa lightfooti <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa littoralis <small>(Hentz, 1844)</small> â Canada to Panama
- Arctosa nivosa <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa oneili <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa perita <small>(Latreille, 1799)</small> â Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran. Introduced to Canada
- Arctosa promontorii <small>(Pocock, 1900)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa raptor <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1885)</small> â Nepal, Russia (Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada, United States
- Arctosa rubicunda <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â Canada, United States
- Arctosa sanctaerosae <small>Gertsch & Wallace, 1935</small> â United States
- Arctosa similis <small>Schenkel, 1938</small> â Canary Is. to Cyprus, Iraq, Iran
- Arctosa stigmosa <small>(Thorell, 1875)</small> â France and Norway to Russia (West Siberia), Turkey, Iran
- Arctosa tbilisiensis <small>Mcheidze, 1946</small> â Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan), Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan
- Arctosa tenuissima <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa transvaalana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa virgo <small>(Chamberlin, 1925)</small> â United States
- Arctosa albida <small>(Simon, 1898)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa albopellita <small>(L. Koch, 1875)</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa algerina <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Algeria
- Arctosa aliusmodi <small>(Karsch, 1880)</small> â Polynesia
- Arctosa alluaudi <small>Guy, 1966</small> â Morocco
- Arctosa alpigena <small>(Doleschall, 1852)</small> â North America, Greenland, Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East)
- A. a. lamperti <small>Dahl, 1908</small> â France, central and northern Europe, Baltic states, Romania, Russia (Europe)
- Arctosa amylaceoides <small>(Schenkel, 1936)</small> â China
- Arctosa annulipes <small>(L. Koch, 1875)</small> â Libya, Egypt, Ethiopia
- Arctosa astuta <small>(Gerstaecker, 1873)</small> â Central Africa
- Arctosa atriannulipes <small>(Strand, 1906)</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa ayaymama <small>Paredes-MunguÃÂa, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024</small> â Colombia, Peru
- Arctosa bacchabunda <small>(Karsch, 1884)</small> â São Tomé and PrÃÂncipe
- Arctosa bakva <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â Afghanistan
- Arctosa bamiana <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â Iran, Afghanistan
- Arctosa berlandi <small>(Caporiacco, 1949)</small> â Kenya
- Arctosa bicoloripes <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â Rwanda
- Arctosa biseriata <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â DR Congo
- Arctosa brauni <small>(Strand, 1916)</small> â East Africa
- Arctosa brevispina <small>(Lessert, 1915)</small> â Tanzania, South Africa
- Arctosa camerunensis <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Cameroon
- Arctosa capensis <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa cervina <small>Schenkel, 1936</small> â Kazakhstan, China, Japan
- Arctosa chungjooensis <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Korea
- Arctosa cinerea <small>(Fabricius, 1777)</small> â Europe, North Africa, Congo, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Middle East, Kazakhstan, China, Korea, Japan (type species)
- Arctosa conflicta <small>Paredes-MunguÃÂa, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024</small> â Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
- Arctosa coreana <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Korea
- Arctosa costenola <small>Paredes-MunguÃÂa, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024</small> â Colombia
- Arctosa daisetsuzana <small>(Saito, 1934)</small> â Japan
- Arctosa darountaha <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Afghanistan
- Arctosa delaportei <small>Omelko & Marusik, 2022</small> â Laos
- Arctosa denticulata <small>Jiménez & Dondale, 1984</small> â Mexico
- Arctosa depectinata <small>( & Strand, 1906)</small> â Japan, China, Laos
- Arctosa depuncta <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876)</small> â Libya, Egypt
- Arctosa deserta <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872)</small> â Syria
- Arctosa dhikala <small>Sankaran & Caleb, 2023</small> â India
- Arctosa dissonans <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872)</small> â Syria, Lebanon, Israel
- Arctosa ebicha <small>Yaginuma, 1960</small> â Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan
- Arctosa edeana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Cameroon
- Arctosa emertoni <small>Gertsch, 1934</small> â Canada, United States
- Arctosa ephippiata <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Cameroon
- Arctosa epiana <small>(Berland, 1938)</small> â Vanuatu
- Arctosa erythraeana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa excellens <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Portugal, Spain
- Arctosa fessana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Libya
- Arctosa figurata <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Europe, Caucasus
- Arctosa frequentissima <small>Caporiacco, 1947</small> â Central, East Africa
- Arctosa fulvolineata <small>(Lucas, 1846)</small> â Britain, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia, North Africa, Turkey
- Arctosa gougu <small>Chen & Song, 1999</small> â China
- Arctosa hainan <small>Wang, Li & Zhang, 2021</small> â China (Hainan)
- Arctosa hallasanensis <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Korea
- Arctosa harraria <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa himalayensis <small>Tikader & Malhotra, 1980</small> â India
- Arctosa hottentotta <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Namibia
- Arctosa hunanensis <small>Yin, Peng & Bao, 1997</small> â China
- Arctosa indica <small>Tikader & Malhotra, 1980</small> â India, China?
- Arctosa insignita <small>(Thorell, 1872)</small> â Russia (Far East), Alaska, Canada, United States, Greenland
- Arctosa intricaria <small>(C. L. Koch, 1847)</small> â Mediterranean
- Arctosa ipsa <small>(Karsch, 1879)</small> â Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
- Arctosa janetscheki <small>Buchar, 1976</small> â Nepal
- Arctosa jibarosa <small>Paredes-MunguÃÂa, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024</small> â Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
- Arctosa kadjahkaia <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Afghanistan
- Arctosa kalpiensis <small>(Gajbe, 2004)</small> â India
- Arctosa kansuensis <small>(Schenkel, 1936)</small> â China
- Arctosa kassenjea <small>(Strand, 1913)</small> â DR Congo
- Arctosa kawabe <small>Tanaka, 1985</small> â Japan, Russia (Sakhalin), Korea?
- Arctosa kazibana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Congo
- Arctosa keniana <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â DR Congo
- Arctosa keumjeungsana <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Russia (Far East), Korea
- Arctosa khudiensis <small>(Sinha, 1951)</small> â India, China
- Arctosa kiangsiensis <small>(Schenkel, 1963)</small> â China, Laos
- Arctosa kirkiana <small>(Strand, 1913)</small> â Ethiopia, DR Congo, Uganda
- Arctosa kiwuana <small>(Strand, 1913)</small> â DR Congo
- Arctosa kolosvaryi <small>(Caporiacco, 1947)</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa labiata <small>Tso & Chen, 2004</small> â Korea, Taiwan
- Arctosa laccophila <small>(Simon, 1909)</small> â Guinea-Bissau
- Arctosa lacupemba <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â Congo
- Arctosa lacustris <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Canary Islands, Morocco to Libya, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta
- Arctosa lagodechiensis <small>Mcheidze, 1997</small> â Georgia
- Arctosa lama <small>Dondale & Redner, 1983</small> â Canada, United States
- Arctosa laminata <small>Yu & Song, 1988</small> â China, Japan
- Arctosa lawrencei <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa leaeniformis <small>(Simon, 1910)</small> â Botswana
- Arctosa leopardus <small>(Sundevall, 1833)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Iran, Central Asia
- Arctosa lesserti <small>Reimoser, 1934</small> â India
- Arctosa letourneuxi <small>(Simon, 1885)</small> â Morocco to Tunisia
- Arctosa lightfooti <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa litigiosa <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Congo, Tanzania
- Arctosa littoralis <small>(Hentz, 1844)</small> â Canada to Panama
- Arctosa liujiapingensis <small>Yin, Peng, Xie, Bao & Wang, 1997</small> â China
- Arctosa lutetiana <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Europe, Russia (Europe to South Siberia)
- Arctosa maculata <small>(Hahn, 1822)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Iran
- Arctosa marfieldi <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Cameroon
- Arctosa marocensis <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Morocco
- Arctosa meinerti <small>(Thorell, 1875)</small> â Algeria
- Arctosa meitanensis <small>Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1993</small> â Russia (South Siberia), China
- Arctosa mineira <small>Paredes-MunguÃÂa, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024</small> â Brazil
- Arctosa mittensa <small>Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1993</small> â China
- Arctosa mossambica <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Mozambique
- Arctosa mulani <small>(Dyal, 1935)</small> â Pakistan
- Arctosa niccensis <small>(Strand, 1907)</small> â Japan
- Arctosa nivosa <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa nonsignata <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â DR Congo
- Arctosa nyembeensis <small>(Strand, 1916)</small> â Kenya, Tanzania
- Arctosa obscura <small>, 1953</small> â Yemen
- Arctosa oneili <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa otaviensis <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Namibia
- Arctosa pacaya <small>Paredes-MunguÃÂa, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024</small> â Peru
- Arctosa pardosina <small>(Simon, 1898)</small> â Uzbekistan
- Arctosa pargongensis <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Korea
- Arctosa pelengea <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â DR Congo
- Arctosa perita <small>(Latreille, 1799)</small> â Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Caucasus, Iran. Introduced to Canada
- A. p. arenicola <small>(Simon, 1937)</small> â France
- Arctosa personata <small>(L. Koch, 1872)</small> â Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia
- Arctosa pichoni <small>Schenkel, 1963</small> â China
- Arctosa poecila <small>Caporiacco, 1939</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa politana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa promontorii <small>(Pocock, 1900)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa pseudoleopardus <small>Ponomarev, 2007</small> â Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan
- Arctosa pungcheunensis <small>Paik, 1994</small> â Korea
- Arctosa quadripunctata <small>(Lucas, 1846)</small> â North Africa
- Arctosa raptor <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1885)</small> â Nepal, Russia (Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada, United States
- Arctosa ravida <small>Ponomarev, 2007</small> â Russia (Caucasus), Kazakhstan
- Arctosa recurva <small>Yu & Song, 1988</small> â China
- Arctosa renidescens <small>Buchar & Thaler, 1995</small> â Alps (France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria)
- Arctosa ripaecola <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â Tanzania
- Arctosa rubicunda <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â Canada, United States
- Arctosa rufescens <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Cameroon
- Arctosa sanctaerosae <small>Gertsch & Wallace, 1935</small> â United States
- Arctosa sapiranga <small>Silva & Lise, 2009</small> â Brazil, Argentina
- Arctosa schensiensis <small>Schenkel, 1963</small> â China
- Arctosa scopulitibiis <small>(Strand, 1906)</small> â Ethiopia
- Arctosa serii <small>Roth & Brown, 1976</small> â Mexico
- Arctosa serrulata <small>Mao & Song, 1985</small> â China
- Arctosa similis <small>Schenkel, 1938</small> â Canary Is. to Cyprus, Iraq, Iran
- Arctosa simoni <small>Guy, 1966</small> â Turkey
- Arctosa sjostedti <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Tanzania
- Arctosa sordulenta <small>(Thorell, 1899)</small> â Cameroon
- Arctosa springiosa <small>Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1993</small> â China, Laos
- Arctosa stigmosa <small>(Thorell, 1875)</small> â France and Norway to Russia (West Siberia), Turkey, Iran
- Arctosa subamylacea <small>(Bösenberg & Strand, 1906)</small> â China, Korea, Japan
- Arctosa swatowensis <small>(Strand, 1907)</small> â China
- Arctosa tanakai <small>Barrion & , 1995</small> â Philippines
- Arctosa tangerana <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â Morocco
- Arctosa tangguoi <small>Wang, Li & Zhang, 2021</small> â China (Hainan), Vietnam
- Arctosa tantilla <small>Bryant, 1948</small> â Dominican Rep.
- Arctosa tbilisiensis <small>Mcheidze, 1946</small> â Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Caucasus (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan), Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan
- Arctosa tenebrosa <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â Colombia
- Arctosa tenella <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â United States, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Guyana
- Arctosa tenuissima <small>(Purcell, 1903)</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa testacea <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Tanzania
- Arctosa togona <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Togo
- Arctosa transvaalana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â South Africa
- Arctosa tridens <small>(Simon, 1937)</small> â Algeria
- Arctosa tridentata <small>Chen & Song, 1999</small> â China (Hainan)
- Arctosa truncata <small>Tso & Chen, 2004</small> â Taiwan
- Arctosa upembana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â DR Congo
- Arctosa vaginalis <small>Yu & Song, 1988</small> â China
- Arctosa variana <small>C. L. Koch, 1847</small> â Mediterranean to Central Asia
- Arctosa villa <small>Paredes-MunguÃÂa, Brescovit & Teixeira, 2024</small> â Peru
- Arctosa villica <small>(Lucas, 1846)</small> â Western Mediterranean
- Arctosa virgo <small>(Chamberlin, 1925)</small> â United States
- Arctosa wittei <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â DR Congo, Tanzania
- Arctosa xunyangensis <small>Wang & Qiu, 1992</small> â China
- Arctosa yasudai <small>(Tanaka, 2000)</small> â Japan, Korea
- Arctosa zhaojingzhaoi <small>Li, 2016</small> â China
- Arctosa ziyunensis <small>Yin, Peng & Bao, 1997</small> â China
References
External links