Patella (gastropod)

Patella are a herbivorous genus of sea snails limpets in the family Patellidae, further placed under the class Gastropoda. Primarily a marine based genus of prosobranch gastropods they most commonly live on coastal tidal shores in varying non tropical climates. As limpets under family Patellidae, they share sister taxa with 3 other accepted genus Cymbula, Helcion, and Scutellastra. Patella is characterized by their cup-shaped shell and gills, with their form of movement in waves.

The genus of Patella are geographically found around north eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean tidal beds. Surveys conducted over the 4 genus' habitat distribution show that Patella are generally the northern most genus with the other 3 distributing along south eastern Africa towards Asia. They tend to be subjected to high volumes of environmental stresses and therefore act as key indicator species for the tidal coast health in those regions. As such conservation efforts along coastal regions have marked many tidal ecosystems as Marine Protected Areas (MAPs), both in efforts of conserving Patella populations from overharvesting and monitoring coastal biodiversity.

Patella are important to keeping ecological balance of its habitats, through managing interactions with other organisms within its environment. The Patella genus is prone to marine pollution and is often used as a key genus upon research for marine biodiversity. Species such as Patella caerulea are used in bioindicator studies to understand ocean acidification and effects of climate change on oceans.

Taxonomy and Morphology

Patella is the genus name of the species Patella vulgata, Patella aspera, and Patella caerulea etc, and it belongs to family Patellidae (common name: common limpet).

Shells

Patella shells are single-valved shells with radial sculpture and are made of calcium. Their shells are usually reduced conical and non-coiled and can protect them from floods with their stable structure. As a Limpet, Patella has a ventral muscular foot, providing adhesion force to substrates, like rocks, by secreting mucus and using a sucking force. Their foot is made of dorso-ventral and transverse muscles with no longitudinal muscle. Their movement uses retrograde locomotory waves to move forward that foot lifts from the substrate for 0.2 mm. Patella usually moves forward by a , but rarely moves backwards.

Radula

The radula of Patella consists of iron and silica. The formation of Patella is that, in bases and cusps, proteins tyrosine and tryptophane and chitin becomes amino groups and argentaffin, then they become iron and silica. The radula of common limpets has opaque teeth with median teeth surrounded by laterals and uncini/marginals, and it can be detected by transmitted lighting.

Gills

As a marine species genus group, Patella breath by using gills. The morphology of their gills are akin to a "double comb" structure, hence the name ctenidia, it functions as the gas exchange organ which uptakes oxygen and discards carbon dioxide. Patella grow secondary gills with the gill filaments located at the pallial groove, unlike the terrestrial snails which have a reduced primary gill and are unable to breathe air through gills.

Eyes and other sensory organs

The eyes of Patella are a simple-cup shape lining with pigmented cells that can detect only dark and bright fields by receiving lateral rays of light connecting with nerve fibres to nerve system but cannot form images. This is the same as some clams due to their sedentary nature and preference of staying on the rock.

Patella also have balancing organs called: statocysts. Statocysts consists of statoliths floating against the wall of statocysts and function as sensory organs. Hairs and cilia detect and transfer the statolith signal to pedal ganglia or the pleuro-pedal connectives which are controlled by cerebral ganglion.

Another chemo-sensory organ osphradium come in pairs as large structures in the pallial cavity. Osphradium function to detect water quality and mating opportunities. It also can prevent predators like sea stars and netted dog whelk from hunting them.

Nerve system

The nervous system of marine prosobranch gastropods Patella experience torsion similarly to pulmonate snails (land snails). After torsion, the pericarya of nerve cells concentrated at the anterior end forms 2 pairs of cerebral ganglia connected by circumoesophageal connectives without myelin sheath. Cerebral ganglia connects to structures such as : tentacles, eyes statocysts, lips, penis, pharynx, salivary glands and stomach. No brain presents in Patella due to the brains of molluscs being highly reduced except for in cephalopods.

Habitat, Niche and Life Cycle

Patella are mainly distributed on the rocky shores at costal regions exposed to waves to in varying degrees. Patella vulgata have been documented to living in salinities lower than 20 psu and with low seaweed abundance. In their habitat, they can bear strong tides, changing water levels, with preference to different levels of eulittoral zones. The climates of their habitats vary from seasonally variant sunshine to cold Arctic like temperatures as the species expands.

The preferred niche of Patella are coasts, embayment or estuaries with salinity between 30-40 psu, and their preferred substratum habitats are Bedrock, Cobbles and Crevices. Their niche tend to bear changing levels in suspended sediment, water flow rates, temperature, turbidity, and wave exposure.

Patella have a larva stage after spawning between October and January through external fertilization. The larvae are planktotrophic and green in coloration due to the pigment chromoprotein Y. These larvae can swim as the pelagic life forms for 2Ã¢ÂÂ10 days and travel greater than 10 km to find rocks to settle on and form shells.

Reproduction and Development

Reproduction

Both hermaphroditism and gonochorism are common in gastropods. The common limpet, Patella vulgata, is a protandrous hermaphrodite, while Patella depressa is gonorchic. Being protandrous, the limpets with larger sizes in P. vulgata are dominated by females, changing from male to female as they grow.

Extant gastropods have lost one of their gonads, with the one that they do possess being situated next to the digestive gland. The gonoduct carries the gametes produced by their one gonad out of the body. In patellogastropods and vetigastropods, the gonoduct is called the urogenital duct as the gonoduct develops alongside the right nephridium in both clades. Thus, this duct functions to transport both gametes and urine. P. vulgata does not possess a penis or uterus, thus it engages in broadcast spawning.

Development

P. vulgata undergoes spiral cleavage and during gastrulation yolk cells occupy the blastocoel. Planktonic trochophore larva that later on develops into a veliger larva is also present within this species of Patellid. P. vulgata also undergoes torsion between its trochophore and veliger larval stages before it takes on a sedentary lifestyle, settling onto a substrate to metamorphose into an adult limpet.

Feeding

Like the majority of limpets, Patella spp. are herbivores, meaning that they primarily eat thin films of algae on the substrates they attach to. Thus, their diet is mainly composed of algae and other cyanobacteria. They use their radula, an anatomical feature that is unique to Mollusks, to rasp and grind up food. Although this feature is a synapomorphy of the Phylum Mollusca, it is one trait absent in bivalves.

Patella spp. feeding behaviors is dependent on circatidal and circadian rhythms, often seeing higher feeding activities with the correct season and tidal cycle. P. caerulea shows significant activity during the night time and under submergence, following a 12 hour circatidal clock for its feeding behavior. Patella spp. also exhibit feeding manoeuvres, such as P. vulgata presenting looped movements around their attachment site, often relying on decision making to efficiently use its energy.

Use as Bioindicators and Environmental Impact

Mollusks are traditionally used as marine bioindicator species, specifically bivalves such as Mytilus spp. Assessing the bioaccumulation within a chosen indicator species is the method that is most frequently utilized when assessing an environment's overall health, especially when Mytilus spp. are used as the bioindicator. However, there are other commonly used approaches to bioindication, such as observing the way in which an organism responds to changes in the environment and how the environmental structure is modified as a result of the introduction of a toxic substance. Because of the many approaches to biomonitoring and the different trophic levels that can be observed, the demand for more species used in official monitoring programs has increased. There are certain characteristics that an organism must possess in order to qualify as an effective bioindicator species. These features include having a wide body of research and knowledge pertaining to the organism, being largely abundant, easy to collect, and mainly sedentary. Patella spp. possess many of these characteristics that make them a suitable alternative bioindicator species.

Patella spp. are herbivorous, which makes them particularly well suited for monitoring algal coverage. The environmental effects associated with limpet grazing on Fucale and green algae are numerous. The barnacle species, Semibalanus balanoides, benefits from the grazing behavior of Patella. S. balanoides competes with algae for substrate. Patella feeds on both fucoid and green algae, thus removing them from their substrate, allowing S. balanoides area for substrate attachment. Thus, Patella grazing regulates algal growth, while enhancing S. balanoides settlement, outlining Patella<nowiki/>'s role as a keystone species as well.

While grazing for algae and other cyanobacteria, their sharp radula scrapes away at limestone too. Therefore, Patella also contribute greatly to the erosion and breakdown of limestone coasts.

Conservation

Human activity and distribution of Mediterranean marine species can be the cause of the problem of the conservation of Patella. The problem of Patella population is that the genetics variability detected by polymorphic microsatellite markers, which has only 0.41% variability between populations without isolation of the species. The difficulty of exchanging and communicating between species is due to both biotic and abiotic factors, in which the stochastic factor is messy.

The solution of conserving Patella ferruginea is that establishes marine protected area (MAPs) to protect the adult of Patella, which promote larva to travel further and increase the gene glow. Increasing gene flow of Patella would promote the conservation of the species.

Another solution is to use using on the rocks of Western Mediterranean Sea to retain more Patella because moving to new environment will cause death of limpets and prevent detachment and translocation by using APPs could reduce mortality and conserve the population.

Species

Species within the genus Patella include:

Ã¢ÂÂ Patella alessiae Forli, Dell'Angelo, Montagna & Taviani, 2004
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella alternicostata Sandberger, 1859
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella ambroggii Lecointre, 1952
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella amuritica Wilckens, 1922
Patella argentaurum Lesson, 1831 (status in recent literature not researched by editor)
Patella aspera RÃÂ¶ding, 1798
Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella candei d'Orbigny, 1839
Patella crocata R.P. Lesson, 1831
Patella cyanea R.P. Lesson, 1831
Patella depressa Pennant, 1777 - Patella depressa is a nomen dubium according to Christiaens (1973, 1983); Patella intermedia gets priority. Nevertheless the name Patella depressa is in usage among British authors (e.g. Graham, 1988) and is assumed as valid.
Patella depsta Reeve, 1855: (taxon inquirendum)
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella estotiensis Lozouet, 1999
Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella gomesii Drouet, 1858
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella hebertiana (d'Orbigny, 1850)
Patella lugubris Gmelin, 1791
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella mahamensis MartÃÂn-GonzÃÂ¡lez, 2018
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella matheyi De Loriol in De Loriol & Koby, 1890
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella maxoratensis MartÃÂn-GonzÃÂ¡lez & Vera-PelÃÂ¡ez, 2018
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella nelsonensis Trechmann, 1918
Patella ordinaria Mabille, 1888
Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella piperata Gould, 1846
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella protea Doderlein, 1862
Patella rangiana Rochebrune, 1882
Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella skelettensis Massier, 2009
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella staceata GrÃÂ¼ndel, Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller, 2020
Patella swakopmundensis Massier, 2009
Patella tenuis Gmelin, 1791
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella tintina MartÃÂn-GonzÃÂ¡lez & Vera-PelÃÂ¡ez, 2018
Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791 - synonyms: Patella aspera Lamarck, 1819; Patella athletica Bean, 1844
Patella variabilis Krauss, 1848
Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758

Species brought into synonymy

Patella achates Reeve, 1855: synonym of Acmaea achates (Reeve, 1855)
Patella aculeata Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Bostrycapulus aculeatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella adansonii Dunker, 1853: synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella afra Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Trimusculus afer (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella alba da Costa, 1771: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella alba Anton, 1838: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella albescens Philippi, 1846: synonym of Iothia albescens (Philippi, 1846)
Patella albida MÃÂ¶rch, 1853: synonym of Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771): synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella algira Deshayes, 1840: synonym of Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771): synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella ambigua Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of Scutus anatinus (Donovan, 1820)
Patella amoena Say, 1822: synonym of Testudinalia testudinalis (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella amphitrite Turton, 1932: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella anatina Donovan, 1820: synonym of Scutus anatinus (Donovan, 1820)
Patella ancyloides Forbes, 1840, non J de C Sowerby, 1824 and Patella exigua W. Thompson, 1844 are synonyms for Propilidium exiguum (W. Thompson, 1844)
Patella apertura Montagu, 1803: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella aphanes Robson, 1986: synonym of Scutellastra aphanes (Robson, 1986)
Patella araucana d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Scurria araucana (d'Orbigny, 1839)
Patella ardosiaea Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841: synonym of Cellana ardosiaea (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Patella argenvillei Krauss, 1848: synonym of Scutellastra argenvillei (Krauss, 1848)
Patella articulata Reeve, 1855: synonym of Cellana cylindrica (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella aspera Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella aster Reeve, 1855: synonym of Cellana rota (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella athletica Bean, 1844: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella auricola da Costa, 1771: synonym of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777
Patella auricularia Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
Patella australis Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Sabia conica (Schumacher, 1817)
Patella axiaerata Verco, 1912: synonym of Asteracmea axiaerata (Verco, 1912)
Patella azorica Nuttal in Jay, 1852: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella barbara Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella barbata Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella baudonii Drouet, 1858: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella bifida Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella bimaculata Montagu, 1803: synonym of Ansates pellucida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella boninensis Pilsbry, 1891: synonym of Cellana mazatlandica (G. B. Sowerby I, 1839)
Patella bonnardii Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella borbonica Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1804: synonym of Septaria borbonica (Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1804)
Patella caeca O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776: synonym of Lepeta caeca (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella calamus Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864: synonym of Eoacmaea calamus (Crosse & P. Fischer, 1864)
Patella calicula Li Chang, 1930: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella cancellata Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella candeana d'Orbigny, 1847: synonym of Lottia antillarum G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
Patella candida Couthouy, 1838: synonym of Lepeta caeca (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella canescens Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cymbula canescens (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella capensis Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cellana radiata (Born, 1778)
Patella ceciliana (Orbigny, 1841): synonym of Scurria ceciliana (d'Orbigny, 1841)
Patella cernica (H. Adams, 1869): synonym of Cellana livescens (Reeve, 1855)
Patella chapmani Tenison-Woods, 1875: synonym of Scutellastra chapmani (Tenison-Woods, 1875)
Patella chinensis Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella chitonoides Reeve, 1854: synonym of Scutellastra exusta (Reeve, 1854)
Patella cinnamomea Gould, 1846: synonym of Phenacolepas cinnamomea (Gould, 1846)
Patella citrullus Gould, 1846: synonym of Patella candei d'Orbigny, 1839
Patella clathratula Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cellana ardosiaea (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Patella clealandi Fleming, 1828: synonym of Testudinalia testudinalis (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella clypea Brown, 1827: synonym of Testudinalia testudinalis (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella clypeater Lesson, 1831: synonym of Nacella clypeater (Lesson, 1831)
Patella cochlear Born, 1778: synonym of Scutellastra cochlear (Born, 1778)
Patella coeruleata da Costa, 1778: synonym of Ansates pellucida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella coffea (Reeve, 1855): synonym of Scurria variabilis (G. B. Sowerby I, 1839)
Patella compressa Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Cymbula compressa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella concolor f. polygramma Tomlin, 1931: synonym of Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848)
Patella conica Anton, 1838: synonym of Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758
Patella conspicua Philippi, 1849: synonym of Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771): synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella cornea Helbling, 1779: synonym of Ansates pellucida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella costata Lesson, 1831: synonym of Fissurella costata Lesson, 1831
Patella costosoplicata MÃÂ¶rch, 1853: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella crepidula Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Patella cretacea Reeve, 1854: synonym of Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Patella cylindrica Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cellana cylindrica (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella cypria Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella cypridium Perry, 1811: synonym of Ansates pellucida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella deflexa Helbling, 1779: synonym of Siphonaria deflexa (Helbling, 1779) (nomen dubium)
Ã¢ÂÂ Patella deformis K. Martin, 1883: synonym of Ã¢ÂÂ Cellana deformis (K. Martin, 1883)
Patella digitata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Scutellastra longicosta (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella dilatata Lamarck, 1822: synonym of Crepipatella dilatata (Lamarck, 1822)
Patella dira Reeve, 1855: synonym of Cellana dira (Reeve, 1855)
Patella donacina Anton, 1838: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella electrina Reeve, 1854: synonym of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777
Patella emarginuloides Philippi, 1868: synonym of Iothia emarginuloides (Philippi, 1868)
Patella enneagona Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cellana cylindrica (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella equestris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella exigua Thompson W., 1844: synonym of Propilidium exiguum (W. Thompson, 1844)
Patella extinctorium Turton, 1819: synonym of Pomatoceros triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Spirobranchus triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella exusta Reeve, 1854 and Patella pica Reeve, 1854 are synonyms for Scutellastra exusta (Reeve, 1854)
Patella farquhari Turton, 1932: synonym of Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848)
Patella favaniana Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella fissura Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Emarginula fissura (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella flava Hutton, 1873: synonym of Cellana flava (Hutton, 1873)
Patella flexuosa Quoy & Gaimard, 1834 and Patella stellaeformis Reeve, 1842 are synonyms for Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Patella forbesi Smith J., 1839: synonym of Iothia fulva (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella fornicata Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella fragilis Philippi, 1836: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella fraunfeldi Dunker, 1866: synonym of Patella piperata Gould, 1846
Patella fulva O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776: synonym of Iothia fulva (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella fungoides Da Costa, 1771: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella fusca Landt, 1800: synonym of Ansates pellucida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella galathea Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Phenacolepas galathea (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella galeata Helbing, 1779: synonym of Diodora galeata (Helbing, 1779)
Patella garconi Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Cellana livescens (Reeve, 1855)
Patella goreensis Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck, 1822
Patella gorgonica da Costa, 1771: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella goudoti Mabille, 1888: synonym of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777
Patella graeca Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella granatina Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Cymbula granatina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella granostriata Reeve, 1855: synonym of Cellana granostriata (Reeve, 1855)
Patella granularis Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Scutellastra granularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella grata Gould, 1859: synonym of Cellana grata (Gould, 1859)
Patella grisea Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella grisea de Blainville, 1825: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella guineensis Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771): synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella guttata d'Orbigny, 1840: synonym of Patella piperata Gould, 1846
Patella helena Turton, 1932: synonym of Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848)
Patella hellespontiana Monterosato, 1888: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella hepatica Prtichard & Gatliff, 1902: synonym of Patelloida victoriae (Gatliff & Gabriel, 1922)
Patella hera Turton, 1932: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella hombroni Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1933: synonym of Cellana radiata orientalis (Pilsbry, 1891)
Patella hypsilotera Locard, 1892: synonym of Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758
Patella illuminata Gould, 1846: synonym of Cellana strigilis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Patella inconspicua Gray, 1843: synonym of Radiacmea inconspicua (Gray, 1843)
Patella instabilis Gould, 1846: synonym of Lottia instabilis (Gould, 1846)
Patella intermedia Murray in Knapp, 1857: synonym of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777
Patella intorta Pennant, 1777: synonym of Ansates pellucida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella jamaicensis Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lottia jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella karachiensis Winckworth, 1930: synonym of Cellana rota (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella kermadecensis Pilsbry, 1894: synonym of Scutellastra kermadecensis (Pilsbry, 1894)
Patella kraussii Dunker, 1853: synonym of Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771): synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella laciniosa Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Siphonaria laciniosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella lacunosa Reeve, 1855: synonym of Scutellastra tabularis (Krauss, 1848)
Patella lacustris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella laevigata Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777
Patella laevis Pennant, 1777: synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella lamarckii Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella lamellata RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella lampedusensis de Gregorio, 1884: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella laterocompressa de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854: synonym of Lepetella laterocompressa (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854)
Patella laticostata Blainville, 1825: synonym of Scutellastra laticostata (Blainville, 1825)
Patella lepas Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Concholepas concholepas (BruguiÃÂ¨re, 1789)
Patella leucopleura Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Lottia leucopleura (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella limatula Carpenter, 1864: synonym of Lottia limatula (Carpenter, 1864)
Patella listeri Monterosato, 1888: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella livescens Reeve, 1855: synonym of Cellana livescens (Reeve, 1855)
Patella longicosta Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Scutellastra longicosta (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella lowei d'Orbigny, 1839: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella lusitanica Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella luteola Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella mabillei Locard, 1892: synonym of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777
Patella macroschisma Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of Macroschisma macroschisma (Lightfoot, 1786)
Patella magellanica Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Nacella magellanica (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella mamillata Risso, 1826: synonym of Trimusculus mammillaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella mammilaris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Trimusculus mammillaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella mammillaris Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Trimusculus mammillaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella margaritacea Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella mazatlandica G. B. Sowerby I, 1839: synonym of Cellana mazatlandica (G. B. Sowerby I, 1839)
Patella medusa RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella mexicana Broderip, W.J. & G.B. I Sowerby, 1829: synonym of Scutellastra mexicana (Broderip & G. B. Sowerby I, 1829)
Patella micans RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Cellana cylindrica (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella militaris Linnaeus, 1771: synonym of Capulus ungaricus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella miniata Born, 1778 and Patella sanguinans Reeve, 1854 are synonyms for Cymbula miniata (Born, 1778)
Patella moreleti Drouet, 1858: synonym of Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Patella moreli Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Patella morio Noodt, 1819: synonym of Cellana radians (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella muricata Brocchi, 1814: synonym of Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella mytiliformis Schroeter, 1786: synonym of Ansates pellucida (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Patella pellucida Linnaeus, 1758
Patella mytilina Helbling, 1779: synonym of Nacella mytilina (Helbling, 1779)
Patella nacrina de Gregorio, 1884: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella natalensis Krauss, 1848: synonym of Scutellastra natalensis (F. Krauss, 1848)
Patella nigra da Costa, 1771 and Patella safiana Lamarck, 1819 are synonyms for Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771)
Patella nigrisquamata Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cellana mazatlandica (G. B. Sowerby I, 1839)
Patella nigrolineata Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cellana nigrolineata (Reeve, 1854)
Patella nigropunctata Reeve, 1854: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella nigrosquamosa Dunker, 1846: synonym of Patella piperata Gould, 1846
Patella noachina Linnaeus, 1771: synonym of Puncturella noachina (Linnaeus, 1771)
Patella notata Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Clypidina notata (Linnaeus, 1785)
Patella novemradiata Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: synonym of Cellana livescens (Reeve, 1855)
Patella nubecula Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella nympha Turton, 1932: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella obtecta Krauss, 1848: synonym of Scutellastra obtecta (Krauss, 1848)
Patella octoradiata Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Hemitoma octoradiata (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella octoradiata Hutton, 1873: synonym of Scutellastra chapmani (Tenison-Woods, 1875)
Patella oculus Born, 1778: synonym of Cymbula oculus (Born, 1778)
Patella oculuscati Noodt, 1819: synonym of Scutellastra granularis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella oculushirci da Costa, 1771: synonym of Cymbula oculus (Born, 1778)
Patella ombracula Blainville, 1819: synonym of Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786)
Patella opea Reeve, 1855: synonym of Lottia antillarum G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
Patella orbignyana Nordsieck & Talavera, 1979: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella pallida Gould, 1859: synonym of Niveotectura pallida (Gould, 1859)
Patella parasitica (Orbigny, 1841): synonym of Scurria variabilis (G. B. Sowerby I, 1839)
Patella parva Montagu, 1803: synonym of Tectura virginea (O.F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella patriarcha Pilsbry, 1891: synonym of Scutellastra tabularis (Krauss, 1848)
Patella paulinoi Locard, 1894: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella paumotensis Gould, 1846: synonym of Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Patella pectinata Born, 1780: synonym of Siphonaria pectinata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella penicillata (Reeve, 1855): synonym of Scurria variabilis (G. B. Sowerby I, 1839)
Patella peronii Blainville, 1825: synonym of Scutellastra peronii (Blainville, 1825)
Patella perversa Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Tylodina perversa (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella pharaonis Jousseaume, 1888: synonym of Cellana rota (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella pica Reeve, 1854: synonym of Scutellastra exusta (Reeve, 1854)
Patella picta Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Fissurella picta (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella plicaria Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella plicata Born, 1778: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella plumbea Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella polaris Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841: synonym of Nacella polaris (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Patella poli Scacchi, 1832: synonym of Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella polita Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella pontica Valenciennes in Monterosato, 1888: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella pontica Milaschewitsch, 1914: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella porcellana Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Septaria porcellana (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella pottsi Hutton, 1873: synonym of Cellana strigilis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Patella profunda Deshayes, 1863: synonym of Eoacmaea profunda (Deshayes, 1863)
Patella pulchella Forbes, 1835: synonym of Tectura virginea (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella pulcherrima Krebs, 1864: synonym of Lottia antillarum G. B. Sowerby I, 1834
Patella punctata Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella punctulata Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella puncturata Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Eoacmaea pustulata (Helbling, 1779)
Patella pustulata Helbling, 1779: synonym of Eoacmaea pustulata (Helbling, 1779)
Patella pyramidata Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella pyriformis da Costa, 1771: synonym of Scutellastra cochlear (Born, 1778)
Patella radiata Born, 1778: synonym of Cellana radiata (Born, 1778)
Patella radiata Perry, 1811: synonym of Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758
Patella redimiculum Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cellana strigilis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Patella repanda Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella reticulata Donovan, 1803: synonym of Diodora graeca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella richelmia Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella rietensis Turton, 1932: synonym of Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848)
Patella riparia Nardo, 1847: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella rosea Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Fissurella nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella rota Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cellana rota (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella rouxii Payraudeau, 1826: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella rubella O. Fabricius, 1780: synonym of Erginus rubellus (O. Fabricius, 1780)
Patella rudis RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Fissurella nodosa (Born, 1778)
Patella safiana Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella sagittata Gould, 1846: synonym of Cellana vitiensis Powell, 1973
Patella sanguinans Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cymbula sanguinans (Reeve, 1854)
Patella scapula Martyn, 1786: synonym of Dolabella auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)
Patella schrenckii Lischke, 1868: synonym of Nipponacmea schrenckii (Lischke, 1868)
Patella scissa Salis Marschlins, 1793: synonym of Emarginula huzardii Payraudeau, 1826
Patella scurra Lesson, 1831: synonym of Scurria scurra (Lesson, 1831)
Patella scutellina Locard, 1892: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella scutellum Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Amblychilepas scutella [sic]: synonym of Dendrofissurella scutellum (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella septemradiata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Cymbula granatina (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella serrata Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Siphonaria serrata (Fischer von Waldheim, 1807)
Patella silicina RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella sinensis Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Calyptraea chinensis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella sinica Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Umbraculum sinicum (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786)
Patella sowerbyi Turton, 1932: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella spectabilis Dunker, 1853: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella spinetum RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella spinifera Lamarck, 1819: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella spinosa Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella spinosula Meuschen, 1787: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella spinulosa MÃÂ¶rch, 1853: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella squama de Blainville, 1825: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella squama Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Monia squama (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella squamata RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella squamata Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cymbula nigra (da Costa, 1771): synonym of Cymbula safiana (Lamarck, 1819)
Patella stella Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella stellaeformis Reeve, 1842: synonym of Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Patella stellifera Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cellana stellifera (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella stellularia Quoy & Gaimard, 1834: synonym of Cellana stellifera (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella strigilis Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841: synonym of Cellana strigilis (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841)
Patella subgranularis de Blainville, 1825: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella subplana Potiez & Michaud, 1838: synonym of Patella caerulea Linnaeus, 1758
Patella tabularis Krauss, 1848: synonym of Scutellastra tabularis (Krauss, 1848)
Patella tahitica Curtiss, 1938: synonym of Cellana taitensis (RÃÂ¶ding, 1798)
Patella tara Prashad & Rao, 1934: synonym of Scutellastra flexuosa (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834)
Patella tarentina Salis Marschlins, 1793: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella taslei Mabille, 1888: synonym of Patella depressa Pennant, 1777
Patella teneriffae Mabille, 1888: synonym of Patella ulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791
Patella tessellata Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841: synonym of Cellana radiata orientalis (Pilsbry, 1891)
Patella tessulata O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776: synonym of Testudinalia testudinalis (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella testudinalis O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776: synonym of Testudinalia testudinalis (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella testudinaria Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Cellana testudinaria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella thetis Turton, 1932: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella toreuma Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cellana toreuma (Reeve, 1854)
Patella tricarinata Linnaeus, 1767: synonym of Amathina tricarinata (Linnaeus, 1767)
Patella tricornis Turton, 1819: synonym of Pomatoceros triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Spirobranchus triqueter (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella trigona Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Pilosabia trigona (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella tucopiana: synonym of Scutellastra tucopiana Powell, 1925
Patella turtonia Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella umbraculum Lightfoot, 1786: synonym of Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786)
Patella umbrellata Delle Chiaje, 1830: synonym of Umbraculum umbraculum (Lightfoot, 1786)
Patella undulata RÃÂ¶ding, 1798: synonym of Cheilea undulata (RÃÂ¶ding, 1798)
Patella ungarica Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Capulus ungaricus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella unguis Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of Scutus unguis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella variabilis (Reeve, 1855): synonym of Scurria variabilis (G. B. Sowerby I, 1839)
Patella variabilis Krauss, 1848: synonym of Helcion concolor (Krauss, 1848)
Patella variabilis Krauss, 1848: invalid: junior homonym of Patella variabilis RÃÂ¶ding, 1798, and Patella variabilis Risso, 1826; Patella fischeri is an unnecessary replacement name)
Patella variabilis Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Patella variegata Reeve, 1842: synonym of Cellana rota (Gmelin, 1791)
Patella variegata Reeve, 1854: synonym of Cellana eucosmia (Pilsbry, 1892)
Patella vespertina Risso, 1826: synonym of Patella ferruginea Gmelin, 1791
Patella victoriae Gatliff & Gabriel, 1922: synonym of Patelloida victoriae (Gatliff & Gabriel, 1922)
Patella virgata Gmelin, 1791: synonym of Cellana radiata (Born, 1778)
Patella virginea O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776: synonym of Tectura virginea (O. F. MÃÂ¼ller, 1776)
Patella viridula (Lamarck, 1819): synonym of Scurria viridula (Lamarck, 1822)
Patella whitechurchi Turton, 1932: synonym of Scutellastra barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)
Patella zebrina Lesson, 1831: synonym of Scurria zebrina (Lesson, 1831)

References

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