ÃÂnandavardhana (c. 820 â 890 CE) was a Kashmiri court poet and literary critic, honored with the title of Rajanak during King Avantivarman's reign. Anandavardhana authored the DhvanyÃÂloka, or A Light on Suggestion (dhvani), a work articulating the philosophy of "aesthetic suggestion" (dhvani, vyañjanÃÂ).
ÃÂnandavardhana is credited with creating the dhvani theory. He wrote that dhvani (meaning sound, or resonance) is the "soul" or "essence" (ÃÂtman) of poetry (kavya)." "When the poet writes," said ÃÂnandavardhana, "he creates a resonant field of emotions." To understand the poetry, the reader or hearer must be on the same "wavelength." The method requires sensitivity on the parts of the writer and the reader. The complete DhvanyÃÂloka together with Abhinavagupta's commentary on it has been translated into English by the Sanskritist Daniel H.H. Ingalls and his collaborators.
ÃÂnandavardhana is mentioned in Kalhana's Rajatarangini. He was noted to not have cited or commented on Daá¹Âá¸Âin's work, instead preferring Bhamaha or Udbhata.
Anandavardhana classifies three categories of poetry:
He categorizes Dhvani kavya as the best form of poetry, Gunibhuta vangiya kavya as the second class and the third or lowest class is said to be Chitra kavya.
The philosopher Abhinavagupta (c. 950 â 1016 CE) wrote an important commentary on DhvanyÃÂloka titled the Locana, or The Eye.
Modern Sanskritists have a very high opinion of ÃÂnandavardhana. Commenting on ÃÂnandavardhana's DhvanyÃÂloka, P.V. Kane writes that "the DhvanyÃÂloka is an epoch-making work in the history of Alaá¹ kÃÂra literature. It occupies the same position in poetics as PÃÂá¹Âini's Aá¹£tÃÂdhyÃÂyë in grammar and à Âaá¹ karÃÂcarya's commentary on VedÃÂnta". Daniel H.H. Ingalls calls ÃÂnandavardhana "the most brilliant of all Sanskrit critics".
Sushil Kumar De, along with Kane, considered there to be no work similar to the Dhvanyaloka in the corpus of Sanskrit literature. Franklin Edgerton and Louis Renou also considered the work to ge exceptional in its treatment of poetic theory and aesthetics.
Lawrence McCrea considers the Dhvanyaloka to be influenced by MëmÃÂá¹ÂsÃÂ, particularly by how it approached an exegesis of the Vedas.