Alopecosa is a spider genus in the family Lycosidae (wolf spiders), with about 160 species. They have a largely Eurasian distribution, although some species are found in North Africa and North America.
Life cycle
Most species grow up to 2 cm. Alopecosa females make a burrow in which they deposit their egg sac. The female then stays in the burrow guarding the sac until the eggs hatch.
Taxonomy
The species in this genus have been traditionally grouped into sibling species complexes (groups) based on morphological characters, but, as morphology-based taxonomy can be unreliable, alternative methods have also been employed to identify species correctly. For example, differences in observed courtship and copulation behaviour have proved to be a useful tool for species identification and delimitation, particularly in cryptic species. Molecular techniques have also been applied to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships between some species.
Species
, the World Spider Catalog accepted the following species:
- Alopecosa accentuata <small>(Latreille, 1817)</small> â Europe
- Alopecosa aculeata <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> â North America, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan
- Alopecosa akkolka <small>Marusik, 1995</small> â Kazakhstan, China
- Alopecosa albofasciata <small>(Brullé, 1832)</small> â Mediterranean to Central Asia
- Alopecosa albonotata <small>(Schmidt, 1895)</small> â Russia (Middle Siberia)
- Alopecosa albostriata <small>(Grube, 1861)</small> â Russia (West to East Siberia, Far East)
- Alopecosa albovittata <small>(Schmidt, 1895)</small> â Russia (Middle Siberia)
- Alopecosa alpicola <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Spain, France, Italy, Russia (Europe), China, Caucasus?, Kazakhstan?
- Alopecosa andesiana <small>(Berland, 1913)</small> â Ecuador
- Alopecosa artenarensis <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa atis <small>Caporiacco, 1949</small> â Libya
- Alopecosa auripilosa <small>(Schenkel, 1953)</small> â Russia (Far East), China, Korea
- Alopecosa aurita <small>Chen, Song & Kim, 2001</small> â China
- Alopecosa ayubaevorum <small>Fomichev & Logunov, 2015</small> â Russia (Altai)
- Alopecosa azsheganovae <small>Esyunin, 1996</small> â Russia (Europe to South Siberia)
- Alopecosa balinensis <small>(Giltay, 1935)</small> â Indonesia (Bali)
- Alopecosa beckeri <small>(Thorell, 1875)</small> â Ukraine
- Alopecosa camerunensis <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Cameroon
- Alopecosa canaricola <small>Schmidt, 1982</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa cedroensis <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa chagyabensis <small>Hu & Li, 1987</small> â China
- Alopecosa cinnameopilosa <small>(Schenkel, 1963)</small> â Kazakhstan, Russia (Central Asia to Far East), China, Korea, Japan
- Alopecosa cronebergi <small>(Thorell, 1875)</small> â Slovakia, Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Caucasus, Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa cuneata <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, China
- Alopecosa cursor <small>(Hahn, 1831)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Iran, Central Asia, China
- Alopecosa cursorioides <small>Charitonov, 1969</small> â Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan
- Alopecosa curtohirta <small>Tang, Urita & Song, 1993</small> â China
- Alopecosa deserta <small>Ponomarev, 2007</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa disca <small>Tang, Yin & Yang, 1997</small> â China
- Alopecosa dryada <small>Cordes, 1996</small> â Greece
- Alopecosa edax <small>(Thorell, 1875)</small> â Poland, China
- Alopecosa ermolaevi <small>Savelyeva, 1972</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa etrusca <small>Lugetti & Tongiorgi, 1969</small> â Italy, North Macedonia, Turkey
- Alopecosa exasperans <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877)</small> â Canada, Greenland
- Alopecosa fabrilis <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> (type species) â Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to Far East), Central Asia, China
- Alopecosa farinosa <small>(Herman, 1879)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran?
- Alopecosa fedotovi <small>(Charitonov, 1946)</small> â Central Asia
- Alopecosa fuerteventurensis <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa fulvastra <small>Caporiacco, 1955</small> â Venezuela
- Alopecosa gachangensis <small>Seo, 2017</small> â Korea
- Alopecosa garamantica <small>(Caporiacco, 1936)</small> â Libya
- Alopecosa gomerae <small>(Strand, 1911)</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa gracilis <small>(Bösenberg, 1895)</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa grancanariensis <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa hamata <small>(Schenkel, 1963)</small> â China
- Alopecosa hermiguensis <small>Wunderlich, 1992</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa himalayaensis <small>Hu, 2001</small> â China
- Alopecosa hingganica <small>Tang, Urita & Song, 1993</small> â Mongolia, China
- Alopecosa hirta <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1908)</small> â Russia (north-eastern Siberia)
- Alopecosa hirtipes <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1907)</small> â Canada, USA (Alaska), Russia (Europe to Far East)
- Alopecosa hoevelsi <small>Schmidt & Barensteiner, 2000</small> â China
- Alopecosa hokkaidensis <small>Tanaka, 1985</small> â Russia (Far East), China, Japan
- Alopecosa huabanna <small>Chen, Song & Gao, 2000</small> â China
- Alopecosa hui <small>Chen, Song & Kim, 2001</small> â China
- Alopecosa inderensis <small>Ponomarev, 2007</small> â Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa inimica <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)</small> â Tajikistan
- Alopecosa inquilina <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> â Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa irinae <small>Lobanova, 1978</small> â Russia (South Siberia)
- Alopecosa kalahariana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Botswana
- Alopecosa kalavrita <small>Buchar, 2001</small> â Greece
- Alopecosa kaplanovi <small>Oliger, 1983</small> â Russia (Far East)
- Alopecosa kasakhstanica <small>Savelyeva, 1972</small> â Russia (West to South Siberia, Central Asia), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa kochi <small>(Keyserling, 1877)</small> â North America
- Alopecosa koponeni <small>Blagoev & Dondale, 2014</small> â Canada
- Alopecosa kovblyuki <small>Nadolny & Ponomarev, 2012</small> â Ukraine, Russia (Europe, West Siberia), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa kratochvili <small>(Schenkel, 1963)</small> â China
- Alopecosa krynickii <small>(Thorell, 1875)</small> â Ukraine (Crimea)
- Alopecosa kulczynski <small>Sternbergs, 1979</small> â Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East)
- Alopecosa kulczynskii <small>(Bösenberg, 1895)</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa kulsaryensis <small>Ponomarev, 2012</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa kungurica <small>Esyunin, 1996</small> â Russia (Europe)
- Alopecosa kuntzi <small>Denis, 1953</small> â Italy (Sicily), Turkey, Russia (Caucasus), Yemen
- Alopecosa laciniosa <small>(Simon, 1876)</small> â Spain, France
- Alopecosa lallemandi <small>(Berland, 1913)</small> â Ecuador
- Alopecosa latifasciata <small>(Kroneberg, 1875)</small> â Central Asia
- Alopecosa leonhardii <small>(Strand, 1913)</small> â Australia (Central)
- Alopecosa lessertiana <small>Brignoli, 1983</small> â China
- Alopecosa licenti <small>(Schenkel, 1953)</small> â Russia (South Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China, Korea
- Alopecosa lindbergi <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Afghanistan
- Alopecosa linzhan <small>Chen & Song, 2003</small> â China
- Alopecosa litvinovi <small>Izmailova, 1989</small> â Russia (South Siberia)
- Alopecosa longicymbia <small>Savelyeva, 1972</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa madigani <small>(Hickman, 1944)</small> â Australia (Northern Territory)
- Alopecosa mariae <small>(Dahl, 1908)</small> â Italy, Central Europe to Ukraine and south-eastern Europe, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), China
- Alopecosa marikovskyi <small>Logunov, 2013</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa medvedevi <small>Ponomarev, 2009</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa michaelseni <small>(Simon, 1902)</small> â Chile
- Alopecosa mikhailovi <small>Omelko, Marusik & Koponen, 2013</small> â Russia (Sakhalin)
- Alopecosa moesta <small>(Holmberg, 1876)</small> â Argentina
- Alopecosa mojonia <small>(Mello-Leitão, 1941)</small> â Argentina
- Alopecosa moriutii <small>Tanaka, 1985</small> â Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
- Alopecosa mutabilis <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1908)</small> â Russia (Europe to East Siberia), USA (Alaska)
- Alopecosa nagpag <small>Chen, Song & Kim, 2001</small> â China
- Alopecosa nemurensis <small>(Strand, 1907)</small> â Japan
- Alopecosa nigricans <small>(Simon, 1886)</small> â Argentina, Falkland Is.
- Alopecosa nitidus <small>Hu, 2001</small> â China
- Alopecosa notabilis <small>(Schmidt, 1895)</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa nybelini <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Afghanistan
- Alopecosa oahuensis <small>(Keyserling, 1890)</small> â Hawaii
- Alopecosa obscura <small>Schmidt, 1980</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa obsoleta <small>(C. L. Koch, 1847)</small> â Turkmenistan
- Alopecosa ogorodica <small>Trilikauskas & Azarkina, 2014</small> â Russia (Altai)
- Alopecosa orbisaca <small>Peng, Yin, Zhang & Kim, 1997</small> â China
- Alopecosa orophila <small>(Thorell, 1887)</small> â Myanmar
- Alopecosa orotavensis <small>(Strand, 1916)</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa osa <small>Marusik, Hippa & Koponen, 1996</small> â Russia (South Siberia)
- Alopecosa osellai <small>Lugetti & Tongiorgi, 1969</small> â Spain
- Alopecosa ovalis <small>Chen, Song & Gao, 2000</small> â China
- Alopecosa palmae <small>Schmidt, 1982</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa passibilis <small>(O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885)</small> â China
- Alopecosa pelusiaca <small>(Audouin, 1826)</small> â North Africa
- Alopecosa pentheri <small>(Nosek, 1905)</small> â Italy, south-eastern Europe, Ukraine, Turkey, Caucasus (Russia, Azerbaijan)
- Alopecosa pictilis <small>(Emerton, 1885)</small> â North America, Russia (South and north-eastern Siberia, Far East)
- Alopecosa pinetorum <small>(Thorell, 1856)</small> â Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia)
- Alopecosa psammophila <small>Buchar, 2001</small> â Czechia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania
- Alopecosa pseudocuneata <small>(Schenkel, 1953)</small> â China
- Alopecosa pulverulenta <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, China, Korea, Japan
- Alopecosa pulverulenta <small>tridentina (Thorell, 1875)</small> â Austria
- Alopecosa raddei <small>(Simon, 1889)</small> â Central Asia
- Alopecosa rapa <small>(Karsch, 1881)</small> â Kiribati (Gilbert Is.)
- Alopecosa restricta <small>Mello-Leitão, 1940</small> â Argentina
- Alopecosa rosea <small>Mello-Leitão, 1945</small> â Argentina
- Alopecosa saurica <small>Marusik, 1995</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa schmidti <small>(Hahn, 1835)</small> â Sweden, Central to eastern and south-eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran
- Alopecosa sciophila <small>Ponomarev, 2008</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa sibirica <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1908)</small> â Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, China
- Alopecosa simoni <small>(Thorell, 1872)</small> â Mediterranean
- Alopecosa sokhondoensis <small>Logunov & Marusik, 1995</small> â Russia (Middle and South Siberia)
- Alopecosa solitaria <small>(Herman, 1879)</small> â Italy, Central to south-eastern and eastern Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa solivaga <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1901)</small> â Russia (Europe, Siberia, Far East), Mongolia, China
- Alopecosa solivaga <small>annulata (KulczyÃ
Âski, 1916)</small> â Russia (West Siberia)
- Alopecosa solivaga <small>borea (KulczyÃ
Âski, 1908)</small> â Russia (Middle Siberia)
- Alopecosa solivaga <small>katunjica (Ermolajev, 1937)</small> â Russia (Altai)
- Alopecosa solivaga <small>lineata (KulczyÃ
Âski, 1916)</small> â Russia (West Siberia)
- Alopecosa spasskyi <small>Ponomarev, 2008</small> â Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa spinata <small>Yu & Song, 1988</small> â China
- Alopecosa steppica <small>Ponomarev, 2007</small> â Ukraine, Russia (Europe), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa striatipes <small>(C. L. Koch, 1839)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Caucasus
- Alopecosa sublimbata <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)
- Alopecosa subrufa <small>(Schenkel, 1963)</small> â Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia, China
- Alopecosa subsolitaria <small>Savelyeva, 1972</small> â Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa subvalida <small>Guy, 1966</small> â Morocco
- Alopecosa sulzeri <small>(Pavesi, 1873)</small> â Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan
- Alopecosa taeniata <small>(C. L. Koch, 1835)</small> â Europe, Russia (Europe to South Siberia)
- Alopecosa taeniopus <small>(KulczyÃ
Âski, 1895)</small> â Greece to China
- Alopecosa tanakai <small>Omelko & Marusik, 2008</small> â Russia (Far East)
- Alopecosa thaleri <small>Hepner & Paulus, 2007</small> â Canary Is.
- Alopecosa trabalis <small>(Clerck, 1757)</small> â Europe, Turkey, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia
- Alopecosa tunetana <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Tunisia
- Alopecosa upembania <small>Roewer, 1960</small> â Congo
- Alopecosa valida <small>(Lucas, 1846)</small> â Morocco, Algeria
- Alopecosa virgata <small>(Kishida, 1910)</small> â Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
- Alopecosa volubilis <small>Yoo, Kim & Tanaka, 2004</small> â Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
- Alopecosa wenxianensis <small>Tang, Yin & Yang, 1997</small> â China
- Alopecosa werneri <small>(Roewer, 1960)</small> â Algeria
- Alopecosa xiningensis <small>Hu, 2001</small> â China
- Alopecosa xinjiangensis <small>Hu & Wu, 1989</small> â Mongolia, China
- Alopecosa xuelin <small>Tang & Zhang, 2004</small> â China
- Alopecosa yamalensis <small>Esyunin, 1996</small> â Russia (Europe, West Siberia)
- Alopecosa zyuzini <small>Logunov & Marusik, 1995</small> â Russia (South Siberia), Mongolia
Dubious names
Nomina dubia (dubious names) include:
- Alopecosa reimoseri <small>(Kolosváry, 1934)</small>
- Alopecosa strandi <small>(RoÃÂca, 1936)</small>
Distribution and habitat
The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution. The majority of species are native to Eurasia, although some species occur in Africa, and others are found in North and South America. Alopecosa fabrilis is a critically endangered species found in Britain, with examples rediscovered in 2020 in the south of the country. They favor dry climates.
References
External links
- Picture of A. accentuata
- Chen, Jun; Song, Da-Xiang & Gao, Jiu-Chun (2000), "Two new species of the genus Alopecosa Simon (Araneae: Lycosidae) from Inner Mongolia, China", Zoological Studies 39(2): 133âÂÂ137, PDF