Abraham Bin Yijà « (Arabic:Ã¥èñçÃÂÃÂàèàÃÂÃÂìÃÂ) was a Jewish merchant and poet born in Ifriqiya, in what is now Tunisia, around 1100. He is known from surviving correspondence between him and others in the Cairo Geniza fragments.
Abraham's father was a rabbi named PeraḥyÃÂ. His other known children are the sons Mubashshir and Yà «suf, and a daughter, BerÃÂkhÃÂ. Since Abraham is sometimes given the epithet al-Mahdawë, it is thought that he was born or raised in Mahdia.
By some time in the 1120s, Abraham had travelled the caravan route from Tunisia to Cairo, carrying letters of introduction from his father to prominent Jewish traders of the city. Through them, he found a junior position and small partnerships. He then moved to Aden, where he seems to have gained the mentorship and later business partnership of the nagëd (merchants' chief representative), Maá¸Âmà «n ibn al-Hasan ibn BundÃÂr. It was presumably also here that he met his later Aden correspondents Yà «suf Ben Abraham (a trader and judicial functionary) and the merchant Khalaf ibn IsḥÃÂq, along with Maá¸Âmà «n's brother-in-law Abà «-Zikrë Judah ha-Kohen SijilmÃÂsë and Abà «-Zikrë's brother-in-law Maḥrà «z.
By 1132, Abraham had moved to the trading port of Mangalore in the region of India then known to Arab traders as Malabar. A hint in a fragmentary letter from Maá¸Âmà «n to Abraham suggests that Abraham had got into difficulties with a king in Aden and that these difficulties had made his move to India expedient.
The earliest securely datable records of Abraham's life in India are a deed of manumission recording that he freed a female slave called Ashu on 17 October 1132, with a second document confirming this. By 1135, Maá¸Âmà «n is recorded sending a gift of coral for Abraham's son Surà «r, attesting that Abraham had a son by this time. Shelomo Dov Goitein inferred accordingly that Ashu had become Abraham's wife and was Surà «r's mother. At any rate, other correspondence indicates that Abraham had a brother-in-law called NÃÂër, which is thought to indicate the membership of Abraham's wife's family in the Nair community of south-west India. At an undated point, Abraham also had a daughter, Sitt al-DÃÂr.
Correspondence from Maá¸Âmà «n to Abraham indicates that while Abraham lived in Mangalore, he had a slave who acted as his agent on voyages back to Aden. His name is recorded only in the Hebrew characters ÃÂÃÂê (bet, mem, taw), which Amitav Ghosh has interpreted as the Tulu name Bomma, guessed to originate as a diminutive of the deity-name Berme. He is recorded as acting on Abraham's behalf in Aden in 1135. Abraham also developed close relationships with other South Asian traders.
Goods traded by Abraham to Aden include cardamom, a delivery of which was the subject of some dispute in the surviving correspondence between Abraham and both Yà «suf ibn Abraham and Khalaf ibn IsḥÃÂq, areca nuts, pepper, and manufactured goods such as locks and brass bowls. His activities in Mangalore took him to the neighbouring towns of Budfattan (possibly Baliapatam), Fandarëna (Pantalayini Kollam), Dahfattan (Dharmadam) and Jurbattan (Sreekandapuram).
In 1145, Abraham wrote to Abà «-Zikrë on behalf of Abà «-Zikrë's brother-in-law Maḥrà «z to facilitate Abà «-Zikrë's escape from Gujarat, where he had been left after being kidnapped by pirates, to Malabar.
The 1140s also saw Abraham seeking to correspond with his brothers Mubashshir (then in Messina, Sicily) and Yà «suf (then in Mazzara, also in Sicily), and a letter to them of 11 September 1149 indicates that he had by then returned to Aden. The letter expresses his desire to reunite his family in Aden, to use his wealth to ameliorate their hardship, and to marry his son to one of his nieces. The letter reached Mubashshir, who did not show it to Yà «suf, but made his way to Aden, where he proceeded to defraud Abraham of, in Abraham's words, 'a thousand dinars'. Around this time, Abraham's son Surà «r died and Abraham moved inland to Dhà « Jibla, becoming a senior figure in the community there and leaving his daughter Sitt in Aden with Khalaf ibn IsḥÃÂq.
After three years, Khalaf asked for Abraham's permission for Sitt to marry one of Khalaf's sons, but Abraham refused, moved with her to Egypt, and instead wrote to his brother Yà «suf requesting that he give one of his sons or a son of their sister BerÃÂkhàto Sitt in marriage. It appears that Bomma followed Abraham from India to Cairo, where Abraham recorded that he owed Bomma money in his accounts.
Yà «suf's eldest son, Surà «r, hastened to Egypt to contract the marriage. Surà «r's younger brother Moshe followed soon after; he was kidnapped by pirates and taken to Tyre but was freed and met his brother in Egypt. Surà «r married Sitt in Fustat in 1156. The two brothers went on to become judges in the rabbinical courts in Egypt.
Nothing is known of the life of Abraham Ben Yijà « thereafter.
Abraham's poetry includes an elegy on the death of Maá¸Âmà «n ibn al-Hasan ibn BundÃÂr in 1151.
A major part of In an Antique Land by the Indian writer Amitav Ghosh is devoted to Abraham Ben Yiju, and his slaves Ashu and Bomma, a fictional narrative sticking closely to the facts known from the surviving correspondence.
Manuscripts evidencing Abraham's life include: