The 2001 Nepal census () was the 10th national census of Nepal. It was conducted by Central Bureau of Statistics. According to the census, the population of Nepal in 2001 was 23,151,423.
Working with Nepal's Village Development Committees at a district level, data was recorded from all the main towns and villages of each district of Nepal. The data included statistics on population size, households, sex and age distribution, place of birth, residence characteristics, literacy, marital status, religion, language spoken, caste/ethnic group, economically active population, education, number of children, employment status, and occupation.
During the 2001 Nepal census, the field enumeration was significantly disrupted by political instability and the ongoing Maoist insurgency (Nepalese Civil War), resulting in incomplete data collection in many parts of the country. Due to Maoist insurgency, census staff were unable to carry out enumeration in 957 wards (including two urban wards) across 12 districts, leading to gaps in the official household and population counts. In 83 Village Development Committees (VDCs), complete enumeration was not possible and 747 wards were entirely affected, while additional wards in other VDCs and municipalities were partially impacted. In particularly hard-hit districts such as Salyan and Kalikot, even the basic household listing was interrupted. The population figures for affected areas were estimated based on partial listings and demographic estimation procedures rather than full enumeration.
The key findings of 2001 census are as follows:
Out of the total population figure, 22,738,934 represents the enumerated population, while 414,489 represents the estimated population from areas where enumeration was affected.