Elections were held in March 1952 for the Bihar Legislative Assembly. There were 276 constituencies with 50 of them being two-member constituencies. The Indian National Congress (INC) stormed into power. Shri Krishna Singh became the first elected Chief Minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha became the first Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister of the state.
<section begin=Results /> !colspan=10| |- ! colspan=2| Political party !! Flag !! Seats <br /> Contested !! Won !! % of <br /> Seats !! Votes !! Vote % |- style="background: #90EE90;" | | style="text-align:left;" |Indian National Congress | | 322 || 239 || 72.42 || 39,51,145 || 41.38 |- | | style="text-align:left;" |Socialist Party | | 266 || 23 || 6.97 || 17,29,750 || 18.11 |- | | style="text-align:left;" |Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party | | 98 || 1 || 0.30 || 2,68,416 || 2.81 |- | | | 53 || 32 || 9.70 || 7,65,272 || 8.01 |- | | | 38 || 11 || 3.33 || 3,01,691 || 3.16 |- | | style="text-align:left;" |Forward Bloc (Marxist Group) | | 34 || 1 || 0.30 || 1,07,386 || 1.12 |- | | style="text-align:left;" |Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad | | 29 || 1 || 0.30 || 60,360 || 0.63 |- | | | 12 || 7 || 2.12 || 1,48,921 || 1.56 |- | | | 1 || 1 || 0.30 || 14,237 || 0.15 |- | | | 638 || 14 || 4.24 || 18,77,236 || 19.66 |- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! colspan = 3| Total seats ! 330 !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 2,41,65,389 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! 95,48,835 (39.51%)
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Bihar was reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to West Bengal in 1956 under States Reorganisation Act, 1956. Hence the constituencies were reduced from 330 in 1951 to 318 in 1957 elections.