1891
Events
January
- January 1
- A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence.
- Germany takes formal possession of its new African territories.
- January 4 – The Earl of Zetland issues a declaration regarding the famine in the western counties of Ireland.
- January 5
- The Australian shearers' strike, that leads indirectly to the foundation of the Australian Labor Party, begins.
- A fight between the United States and Lakota people breaks out near Pine Ridge agency.
- A fight between railway strikers and police breaks out at Motherwell, Scotland.
- January 7
- General Nelson A. Miles' forces surround the Lakota in the Pine Ridge Reservation.
- The Inter-American Monetary Commission meets in Washington, D.C.
- January 9 – The great shoe strike in Rochester, New York is called off.
- January 10 – In France, the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at Boulogne. The French government promptly takes loan.
- January 11
- 3,000 Lakotas approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender.
- In Mahoning Valley, Ohio, sixteen blast furnaces shut down, putting 10,000 men out of work.
- January 12
- Canada brings suit before the United States Supreme Court in re seizures of vessels in the Bering Sea.
- St. Mary's Cathedral is dedicated in San Francisco.
- January 14 – Conference of Lakota chiefs with General Miles at Pine Ridge Reservation: the Lakota agree to surrender.
- January 15 – Scottish railway strikers attempt to wreck a train near Greenock, Scotland.
- January 16 – The Chilean Civil War of 1891 breaks out.
- January 19
- General Miles officially announces the end of the native outbreak and congratulates his troops.
- A British Royal Navy squadron is ordered to Chile.
- January 20 – Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.
- January 27–May 2 – The Jamaica International Exhibition is held.
- January 29 – Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.
- January 31 – The Portuguese republican revolution breaks out, in the northern city of Porto.
February
March
April
May
June
- June – The clipper ship Cromdale is completed. She is the last fully rigged ship built for the Australian wool trade.
July
- July 30 – The Springboks rugby union team of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles, and lose by 4âÂÂ0.
August
September
October
November
December
Date unknown
Births
January–March
- January 1 – Charles Bickford, American actor (d. 1967)
- January 7 – Zora Neale Hurston, African-American writer, anthropologist, ethnographer (d. 1960)
- January 8 – Walther Bothe, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1957)
- January 13 – Miguel Pro, Mexican Jesuit priest, martyr and blessed (d. 1927)
- January 15 – Ray Chapman, American baseball player (d. 1920)
- January 22
- Antonio Gramsci, Italian Communist writer, politician (d. 1937)
- Bruno Loerzer, German aviator, air force general (d. 1960)
- January 23
- Marjorie Maynard, British artist and farmer (died 1975)
- Pavlo Tychyna, Ukrainian poet, translator, publicist, public activist, academician, and statesman. (d. 1967)
- January 24 – Walter Model, German field marshal (d. 1945)
- January 27 – Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (d. 1967)
- February 1 – Shigeru Fukudome, Japanese admiral (d. 1971)
- February 2 – Antonio Segni, Italian politician, 34th Prime Minister of Italy (1955âÂÂ1957, 1959âÂÂ1960), 4th President of the Italian Republic (d. 1972)
- February 9 – Ronald Colman, English actor (d. 1958)
- February 13 – Grant Wood, American painter (d. 1942)
- February 17 – Abraham Fraenkel, German-born Israeli mathematician, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1965)
- February 21 – Seán Heuston, Irish rebel (d. 1916)
- February 27 – David Sarnoff, Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d. 1971)
- March 3 – Fritz Rumey, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)
- March 9 РJos̩ P. Laurel, 3rd President of the Philippines (d. 1959)
- March 10 – Sam Jaffe, American actor (d. 1984)
- March 16 – Patsy Gallacher, Irish footballer (d. 1953)
- March 19 – Earl Warren, American politician and Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1974)
- March 24 – Rudolf Berthold, German fighter pilot (d. 1920)
- March 29 – Yvan Goll, French lyricist, dramatist (d. 1950)
April–June
- April 2 – Max Ernst, German painter (d. 1976)
- April 5 РLaura Vicu̱a, Chilean Roman Catholic holy figure and blessed (d. 1904)
- April 7
- Ole Kirk Christiansen, Danish founder of The Lego Group (d. 1958)
- Minoru Ã
Âta, Japanese admiral (d. 1945)
- April 13 – Nella Larsen, American novelist (d. 1964)
- April 14 – B. R. Ambedkar, Indian jurist and politician (d. 1956)
- April 15 – Wallace Reid, American actor (d. 1923)
- April 17 – George Adamski, Polish-born alleged UFO traveler (d. 1965)
- April 23 – Sergei Prokofiev, Soviet composer (d. 1953)
- April 29 – Bharathidasan, Tamil poet and rationalist (d. 1964)
- May 10
- Anton Dostler, German general (d. 1945)
- Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (d. 1934)
- May 15
- Mikhail Bulgakov, Russian writer (d. 1940)
- Nipo T. Strongheart, Native American filmmaker (d. 1966)
- May 16
- Richard Tauber, Austrian tenor (d. 1948)
- Adolf Ritter von Tutschek, German fighter ace (d. 1918)
- May 18 – Rudolf Carnap, German philosopher (d. 1970)
- May 19 – Oswald Boelcke, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1916)
- May 23 – Pär Lagerkvist, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- May 24 – William F. Albright, American archeologist, Biblical scholar (d. 1971)
- June 2 – TakijirÃ
 Ã
Ânishi, Japanese admiral (d. 1945)
- June 4 – Leopold Vietoris, Austrian mathematician (d. 2002)
- June 9 – Cole Porter, American composer, songwriter (d. 1964)
- June 18 – Ahmad bin Yahya, King of Yemen (d. 1962)
- June 20 – John A. Costello, second Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 1976)
- June 21 – Hermann Scherchen, German conductor (d. 1966)
- June 24 â Devere Allen, American socialist, pacifist political activist, and journalist (d. 1955)
- June 28 – Carl Spaatz, American general (d. 1974)
- June 30 – Man Mountain Dean, American professional wrestler (d. 1953)
July–September
- July 5 – John Howard Northrop, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987)
- July 7 – Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Imperial Japanese Army general (d. 1945)
- July 12 – Jetta Goudal, Dutch-American actress (d. 1985)
- July 18 – Gene Lockhart, Canadian-American actor, singer, and playwright (d. 1957)
- July 21 – Elmer Ripley, American basketball coach (d. 1982)
- July 27 â Ruby McKim, American quilter (d. 1976)
- July 28 – Joe E. Brown, American actor, comedian (d. 1973)
- July 29 – Bernhard Zondek, German-born Israeli gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (d. 1966)
- July 30 – Roderic Dallas, Australian World War I fighter ace (d. 1918)
- August 1 – Karl Kobelt, 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. 1968)
- August 11 – Stancho Belkovski, Bulgarian architect, lecturer (d. 1962)
- August 13 – Ethel Roosevelt Derby, youngest daughter of Theodore Roosevelt (d. 1977)
- August 14 – Ralph Barton, American artist (d. 1931)
- August 17 – Dulcie Mary Pillers, English medical illustrator (d. 1961)
- August 21 – Emiliano Mercado del Toro, Puerto Rican supercentenarian, oldest war veteran ever and last surviving person born in 1891 (d. 2007)
- August 23 – Minna Craucher, Finnish socialite and spy (d. 1932)
- August 29 – Michael Chekhov, Russian-American actor, theatre director (d. 1955)
- September 12 – Pedro Albizu Campos, advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965)
- September 14 – William F. Friedman, American cryptographer (d. 1969)
- September 16
- Teruo Akiyama, Japanese admiral (d. 1943)
- Karl Dönitz, German admiral, briefly President of Germany (d. 1980)
- Stephanie von Hohenlohe, Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. 1972)
- September 22 – Hans Albers, German actor, singer (d. 1960)
- September 22 – Alma Thomas, African-American painter (d. 1978)
- September 26
- Charles Munch, French conductor, violinist (d. 1968)
- William McKell, 12th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1985)
October–December
- October 12 – Fumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1945)
- October 13 – Irene Rich, American actress (d. 1988)
- October 15 – Tadashige Daigo, Japanese admiral (d. 1947)
- October 20 – James Chadwick, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974)
- October 24 – Rafael Trujillo, dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961)
- October 25 – Charles Coughlin, American Catholic priest, anti-Semitic radio host (d. 1979)
- October 28 – Ormer Locklear, American stunt pilot, film actor (d. 1920)
- November 4 – Orlando Ward, American general (d. 1972)
- November 7
- Miriam Cooper, American silent film actress (d. 1976)
- Genrikh Yagoda, Soviet police and intelligence official (d. 1938)
- November 10 – Carl W. Stalling, American musician (d. 1972)
- November 12 – WÃ
ÂadysÃ
Âaw Bortnowski, Polish historian and general (d. 1966)
- November 14 – Frederick Banting, Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1941)
- November 15
- Vincent Astor, American philanthropist (d. 1959)
- Erwin Rommel, German field marshal (d. 1944)
- November 19 – Juan Yagüe, Spanish general (d. 1952)
- November 24 РMariano Ospina P̩rez, Colombian politician, 17th President of Colombia (d. 1976)
- November 28 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist, politician (d. 1949)
- November 29 – Julius Raab, Chancellor of Austria (d. 1964)
- December 4 – T. V. Soong, Taiwanese businessman, politician (d. 1971)
- December 6
- Masatomi Kimura, Japanese admiral (d. 1960)
- Gotthard Sachsenberg, German World War I naval aviator, fighter ace (d. 1961)
- December 9 – Maksim BahdanoviÃÂ, Belarusian poet (d. 1917)
- December 10
- Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis, British field marshal (d. 1969)
- Nelly Sachs, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- December 14 – Katherine MacDonald, American silent screen actress (d. 1956)
- December 17 – Hu Shih, Chinese liberal (d. 1962)
- December 19 – Edward Bernard Raczynski, President of Poland (d. 1993)
- December 24 – Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky, Russian illustrator (d. 1970)
- December 25
- Kenneth Anderson, British general (d. 1959)
- Clarrie Grimmett, New Zealand-Australian cricketer (d. 1980)
- December 26 – Henry Miller, American novelist (d. 1980)
- December 29 РB̩la Imr̩dy, 32nd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1946)
Deaths
January–June
- January 4 – Charles Keene, English artist and illustrator (b. 1823)
- January 5 – Emma Abbott, American opera singer (b. 1849)
- January 11
- Georges-Eugène Haussmann, French city planner (b. 1809)
- Carl Johan Thyselius, Swedish politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1811)
- January 15 – John Wellborn Root, American architect (b. 1850)
- January 16 РL̩o Delibes, French composer (b. 1836)
- January 20 – KalÃÂkaua, last reigning King of Hawaii (b. 1836)
- January 21
- Calixa Lavallée, Canadian composer (b. 1842)
- James Timberlake, American lawman (b. 1846)
- January 25 â Theo van Gogh, Dutch art dealer (b. 1857)
- January 26 – Nicolaus Otto, German engineer (b. 1832)
- February 4 – Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos, Roman Catholic archbishop and Mexican politician who served as regent during the Second Mexican Empire, 1863-1864 (b. 1816)
- February 10 – Sofia Kovalevskaya, Russian mathematician (b. 1850)
- February 13 – David Dixon Porter, American admiral (b. 1813)
- February 14 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (b. 1820)
- March 13 РTh̩odore de Banville, French writer (b. 1823)
- March 15 – Sir Joseph Bazalgette, English civil engineer (b. 1819)
- March 17 – Eduard Clam-Gallas, Austrian general (b. 1805)
- March 27 – James A. Ekin, Union Army general (b. 1819)
- March 29 – Georges Seurat, French painter (b. 1859)
- April 2 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Turkish statesman (b. 1823)
- April 7 – P. T. Barnum, American showman (b. 1810)
- April 9 – George Cavendish-Bentinck, British Conservative politician (b. 1821)
- April 24 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (b. 1800)
- April 25 – Nathaniel Woodard, English educationalist (b. 1811)
- May 2 – Albany James Christie, British Jesuit priest and academic (b. 1817)
- May 8
- Helena Blavatsky, Russian-born author, theosophist (b. 1831)
- Sir John Robertson, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (b. 1816)
- May 16 – Ion C. BrÃÂtianu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1821)
- June 6 – John A. Macdonald, 1st Prime Minister of Canada, Father of Confederation (b. 1815)
- June 19 – David Settle Reid, American politician (b. 1813)
- June 23 – Samuel Newitt Wood, American politician (b. 1825)
- June 24 – Wilhelm Eduard Weber, German physicist (b. 1804)
July–December
- July 1 – Mihail KogÃÂlniceanu, 3rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1817)
- July 4 – Hannibal Hamlin, 15th Vice President of the United States (b. 1809)
- July 20 – Sir Frederick Weld, 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1823)
- July 24 – Hermann Raster, German-born Forty-Eighter, editor-in-chief of the Illinois Staats-Zeitung (b. 1827)
- August 12 – James Russell Lowell, American poet and essayist (b. 1819)
- August 14 – Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (b. 1803)
- August 27 – Samuel C. Pomeroy, American politician, railroad executive (b. 1816)
- August 29 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (b. 1843?)
- September 4 – José MarÃÂa Urvina, 5th President of Ecuador (b. 1808)
- September 7 – Lorenzo Sawyer, 9th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California (b. 1820)
- September 11 – Antero de Quental, Portuguese poet (b. 1842)
- September 15 – Ivan Goncharov, Russian author (b. 1812)
- September 19 РJos̩ Manuel Balmaceda, 10th President of Chile (b. 1840)
- September 28 – Herman Melville, American novelist (b. 1819)
- September 30 – Georges Ernest Boulanger, French general, politician (b. 1837)
- October 6
- Charles I of Württemberg (b. 1823)
- Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist leader (b. 1846)
- October 15 â Lawrence Dudley Bailey, American abolitionist and jurist who served on the Kansas Supreme Court from 1861 to 1869 (b. 1819)
- October 23 – Ambrose of Optina, Russian Orthodox saint (b. 1812)
- October 25 – Prince Kuni Asahiko of Japan (b. 1824)
- November 6 – J. Gregory Smith, Vermont governor (b. 1818)
- November 10 – Arthur Rimbaud, French poet (b. 1854)
- November 17 – George H. Cooper, United States Navy admiral (b. 1821)
- November 28 – Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet, British politician (b. 1826)
- December 4 – Frederick Whitaker, English-New Zealand lawyer, politician and 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1812)
- December 5 – Pedro II, 2nd and last Emperor of Brazil (b. 1825)
- December 6 – ÃÂmile Bayard, French artist (b. 1837)
- December 7 – Mary Crane, American activist; mother of the writer, Stephen Crane (b. 1827)
- December 12 – Julia A. Ames, American reformer (b. 1861)
- December 17 – José MarÃÂa Iglesias, Mexican lawyer and journalist, interim president from 1876 to 1877 (b. 1823)
- December 20 – William Robert Woodman, British co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (b. 1828)
- December 29 – Leopold Kronecker, Polish-born German mathematician, academic (b. 1823)
- December 31 – Samuel Ajayi Crowther, 1st African Anglican bishop, linguist and legendary missionary (b. 1809)
Date unknown
References
Sources
- Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1891: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry (1892); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. not online.