There were seven special elections to the United States House of Representatives in 1881 during the 47th United States Congress.
Elections are listed by date and district.
|- ! | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Incumbent member-elect Omar D. Conger (R) resigned during previous congress.<br/>New member elected April 5, 1881 and seated December 5, 1881, with the rest of the House.<br/>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Incumbent member-elect Fernando Wood (R) resigned during previous congress.<br/>New member elected November 8, 1881 and seated December 5, 1881, with the rest of the House.<br/>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Levi P. Morton | | Republican | 1878 | | Incumbent resigned March 21, 1881, to become U.S. Minister to France.<br/>New member elected November 8, 1881 and seated December 5, 1881, with the rest of the House.<br/>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Warner Miller | | Republican | 1878 | | Incumbent resigned July 26, 1881, when elected U.S. Senator.<br/>New member elected November 8, 1881 and seated December 5, 1881, with the rest of the House.<br/>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Elbridge G. Lapham | | Republican | 1874 | | Incumbent resigned July 29, 1881, when elected U.S. Senator.<br/>New member elected November 8, 1881 and seated December 5, 1881, with the rest of the House.<br/>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | William P. Frye | | Republican | 1870 | | Incumbent resigned March 17, 1881, when elected U.S. Senator.<br/>New member elected September 12, 1881 and seated December 5, 1881, with the rest of the House.<br/>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Nelson W. Aldrich | | Republican | 1878 | | Incumbent resigned when elected U.S. Senator.<br/>New member elected November 22, 1881 and seated December 5, 1881, with the rest of the House.<br/>Republican hold. | nowrap |