1870s

The 1870s (pronounced "eighteen-seventies") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1870, and ended on 31 December 1879.

The trends of the previous decade continued into this one, as great new empires, imperialism and militarism rose in Europe and Asia. The United States was recovering from the American Civil War, though the Reconstruction era introduced its own legacies of bitterness and racial segregation in the country. Germany unified as a nation in 1871 and became the German Empire. Changing social conditions led workforces to cooperate in the form of labor unions in order to demand better pay and working conditions, with strikes occurring worldwide in the later part of the decade and continuing until World War I. The decade was also a period of significant technological advancement; the phonograph, telephone, and electric light bulb were all invented during the 1870s, though it would take several more decades before they became household items.

The last living person from this decade, Jeanne Calment, died in 1997.

Politics and wars

Wars

• Dungan Revolt (1862–1877), Hui uprising against the Qing Empire which resulted in 20 million deaths and a Qing victory
• Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), resulted in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire
• Third Anglo-Ashanti War, also known as the "First Ashanti Expedition" (1873–1874), ended with the destruction of the royal palace at Kumasi and the signing of the Treaty of Fomena, which secured British trading rights in the area
• The Third Carlist War (1872–1876), the last of the Carlist Wars in Spain
• Ethiopian–Egyptian War (1874–1876), a resource conflict over access to the Nile River basin between the Ethiopian Empire and the Khedivate of Egypt, resulting in an Ethiopian victory
• Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), resulted in Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro becoming completely independent from the Ottoman Empire, while Bulgaria became autonomous
• In the United States, post-Civil War Reconstruction continued until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877
• Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), fought between the British Raj and the Emirate of Afghanistan
• Anglo-Zulu War (11 January – 5 July 1879)
• War of the Pacific (1879–1884), fought over resource-rich territory along the Pacific coast between Chile and an alliance of Bolivia and Peru

Colonization, decolonization, and independence

• The British Empire continued to grow, with the 1870s marking the beginning of the New Imperialism.
• Bulgaria and Romania declared independence following a war against the Ottoman Empire.
• The Sioux battled the United States Cavalry and resisted encroachment by white settlers on the Great Plains.

Political and social events

• The German Empire and Alliance System emerged.
• Racial and economic politics at the height of America's Reconstruction Era were bitter, pessimistic, and sometimes violent.
• The Gilded Age began in 1877, lasting until 1896.
• The First Spanish Republic rises and promptly ends (1873–1874).
• The first Ottoman Constitution is promulgated in 1876, starting the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878).
• Contested US presidential election of 1876

Science and technology

• The prototype telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
• The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.
• The 6.35mm headphone jack was invented in 1878 and is still widely used today.
• The first version of the light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison in 1879.
• The steam drill is invented in 1879.
• Ludwig Boltzmann statistically defined thermodynamic entropy.
• 1873 Weltausstellung in Vienna, 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia and 1878 Exposition universelle in Paris.

Environment

• Atlas bear became extinct in 1870.
• Yellowstone National Park was established and signed into law in 1872.

Popular culture

Literature and arts

• Jules Verne (France) publishes Around The World in Eighty Days.
• Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley organized the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs ("Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers") for the purpose of exhibiting their artworks independently. Members of the association, which soon included Paul Cézanne, Berthe Morisot, and Edgar Degas, were expected to forswear participation in the Salon. The organizers invited a number of other progressive artists to join them in their inaugural exhibition, including the slightly older Eugène Boudin, whose example had first persuaded Monet to take up plein air painting years before. Another painter who greatly influenced Monet and his friends, Johan Jongkind, declined to participate, as did Manet. In total, thirty artists participated in their first exhibition, held in April 1874 at the studio of the photographer Nadar. The group soon became known as the Impressionists.
• Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would eventually become the longest-living human being with a verified lifespan. She lived until 1997, aged 122. She still holds the record as of November 2024.
• Lewis Carroll publishes Through the Looking-Glass.
• Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Tom Sawyer in 1876.
• Henrik Ibsen releases A Doll's House in 1879.

Fashion

People

Politics

• Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th US President, whose administration dominated Reconstruction.
• Rutherford B Hayes, Elected US President in disputed election of 1876.
• Victoria Woodhull, reformer, publisher, and first woman to run for the U.S. presidency, in 1872.
• Hiram R. Revels, the first African American to serve in either house of the U.S. Congress, elected in 1870.
• Joseph Rainey, the first black person to serve in the United States House of Representatives, elected in 1870.
• Sitting Bull, a Hunkpapa Lakota leader associated with Indigenous resistance to U.S. expansion during the decade.
• Chief Joseph, leader of Wallowa band of Nez Perce, remembered for the Nez Perce War of 1877.
• Kalākaua, the king of the Kingdom of HawaiÊ»i from 1874, associated with the revival of hula and flourishing court culture.
• Giovanni Passannante, anarchist, attempted assassin of Umberto I of Italy in 1878.

Visual Arts

• James Tissot, French society painter known for depicting the decade's fashionable dress and society.
• Berthe Morisot, French painter associated with the first generation of Impressionism.
• Édouard Manet, modernist painter associated with French impressionism.
• Edgar Degas, French painter and sculptor who depicted modern life in Paris.
• Thomas Eakins, a pivotal American painter who helped define American realism.
• Winslow Homer, American painter and illustrator associated with post-Civil War American art.
• Dante Gabriel Rossetti, highly influential English painter, notable member and founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

Writers

• Mark Twain, American author whose 1873 The Gilded Age gave this period its name.
• Lewis Carroll, an English author who published Through the Looking Glass in 1871.
• W. S. Gilbert, dramatist and librettist known for his collaboration with composer Arthur Sullivan, which defined late-Victorian comic opera.

Celebrities

• Christina Nilsson, Swedish operatic soprano and one of the best-known international celebrities of the decade.
• Emma Albani, a Canadian-born coloratura soprano whose career took off after an 1870 debut.
• Boulton and Park, English cross-dressing performers whose homosexuality related 1870 arrest and trial became major publicized Victorian scandal.
• Annie Hindle, variety performer and the best-known male impersonator performer of this period in the United States.
• Valtesse de La Bigne, a Parisian courtesan and celebrity associated with demi-monde glamour. She was the inspiration for the character of Nana in art and literature.
• Ichikawa DanjÅ«rō IX, the major Kabuki actor of this decade, pivotal to its revival.
• Jane Morris, notable artists' model whose image was synonymous with Pre-Raphaelite beauty.

American West and Frontier

• Crazy Horse, Oglala Lakota war leader associated with the Great Sioux War of 1876 to 1877.
• George Armstrong Custer, U. S. Army officer whose death at Little Big Horn became definitive to the decade's conflicts in the U.S.
• "Wild Bill" Hickok, gunfighter, scout, and entertainer who became legend after his 1876 death.
• Wyatt Earp, lawman well-known in the later part of the decade.
• Doc Holliday, gambler and gunfighter associated with frontier violence.
• Calamity Jane, Frontierswoman and professional scout, who became a notable celebrity.

See also

• 1870s in sociology
• Reconstruction Era (during the decade's earlier years).
• Gilded Age (during the decade's later years).
• Long Depression
• Second Industrial Revolution
• The Great Binge (covering roughly 1870 to 1914)

References

Further reading

• Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1870 (1871)
• American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1872 (1873)
• Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1873 (1879) online edition
• Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1875 (1877)
• Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1877 (1878)