States held the 1856âÂÂ57 United States House of Representatives elections between August 4, 1856, and November 4, 1857. Each state, including the pending new state of Minnesota, set a date to elect 236 Representatives to the House before the first session of the 35th United States Congress convened on December 7, 1857.
The elections briefly returned a semblance of normalcy to the Democratic Party, restoring its House majority alongside the election of Democratic President James Buchanan. However, superficial victory masked severe, ultimately irretrievable divisions over slavery. Voters next would return a Democratic House majority only in 1874.
Party realignments continued. In 1856, the Whig Party disbanded, the Know Nothing movement declined, and its vehicle, the American Party, collapsed. Many Northern Whig, American, and other Representatives who opposed the Democrats joined the new, rapidly consolidating Republican Party, whose attitude toward slavery was stridently negative. It was an openly sectional, Northern party which opposed fugitive slave laws and slavery in the territories. Though it did not explicitly demand abolition, for the first time a major party offered a mainstream political platform to outspoken abolitionists.
In March 1857, after almost all Northern states had voted, the Supreme Court issued its infamous Dred Scott decision, amplifying tensions and hardening voter divisions. Remaining elections were concentrated in the South. Southern voters widely drove the American Party from office, rallying to the Democrats in firm opposition to the Republicans.
In October 1857, the pending new state of Minnesota elected its first Representatives. Between the admissions of Vermont in 1791 and Wisconsin in 1848, Congress had admitted new states roughly in pairs: one slave, one free. California was admitted alone as a free state in 1850 only as part of a comprehensive compromise including significant concessions to slave state interests. Admission of Minnesota in May 1858, also alone but with no such deal, helped expose the declining political influence of the South, destroying the formerly binding concept that slave and free state power was best kept in balance even in the Senate while solidifying a sense that the West would exclude slavery.
Two seats were added for the new state of Minnesota, which was unrepresented for part of the 1st session.
There were a total of thirteen special elections in 1856 and 1857 during the 34th and 35th Congresses.
|- ! | Laurence M. Keitt | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent resigned July 15, 1856, following the caning of Charles Sumner.<br>Incumbent re-elected July 29, 1856. | nowrap |
|- ! | Preston Brooks | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent resigned July 15, 1856, following the caning of Charles Sumner.<br>Incumbent re-elected July 29, 1856. | nowrap |
|- ! | John Gaines Miller | | Whig | 1850 | | Incumbent died May 11, 1856.<br>New member elected August 4, 1856.<br>Know Nothing gain.<br>Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap |
|- ! | William Alexander Richardson | | Democratic | 1847 | | Incumbent resigned August 25, 1856, to run for governor of Illinois.<br>New member elected November 4, 1856.<br>Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap |
|- ! | James C. Allen | | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent resigned July 18, 1856, amid election challenge.<br>Incumbent re-elected November 4, 1856.<br>Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap |
|- ! | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Rep.-elect Lyman Trumbull (D) was later elected U.S. senator and took office March 4, 1855.<br>New member elected November 4, 1856.<br>Democratic hold.<br>Winner was not a candidate for the full term; see below. | nowrap |
|- ! | Thomas H. Bayly | | Democratic | 1853 | | Incumbent died June 23, 1856.<br>New member elected November 4, 1856.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | John Wilkins Whitfield | | Democratic | 1854 | Seat declared vacant August 1, 1856.<br/>Incumbent re-elected November 5, 1856. | nowrap |
|- ! | James Meacham | | Whig | 1849 | | Incumbent died August 23, 1856.<br>New member elected December 1, 1856.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Rep.-elect James S. Green (D) was later elected U.S. senator and took office January 12, 1857.<br>New member elected August 3, 1857.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | James Lockhart | | Democratic | 1851<br>1852 <br>1856 | | Incumbent died September 7, 1857.<br>New member elected October 7, 1857.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Samuel Brenton | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent died March 29, 1857.<br>New member elected October 7, 1857.<br>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | John Gallagher Montgomery | | Democratic | 1856 | | Incumbent died April 24, 1857.<br>New member elected October 13, 1857.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Percy Walker | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Eli S. Shorter | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | James F. Dowdell | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | William Russell Smith | | Know Nothing | 1851 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | George S. Houston | | Democratic | 1841<br>1849 <br>1851 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Williamson R. W. Cobb | | Democratic | 1847 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Sampson Willis Harris | | Democratic | 1847 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Alfred B. Greenwood | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Albert Rust | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent lost renomination.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! rowspan=2 | <br/> | James W. Denver | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Democratic hold. | rowspan=2 nowrap |
|- | Philemon T. Herbert | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent retired after manslaughter acquittal.<br/>Democratic hold.
|- ! | Ezra Clark Jr. | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | John Woodruff | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Sidney Dean | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | William W. Welch | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Elisha D. Cullen | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Augustus Maxwell | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | James Lindsay Seward | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Martin J. Crawford | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Robert Pleasant Trippe | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Hiram B. Warner | | Democratic | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | John H. Lumpkin | | Democratic | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Howell Cobb | | Democratic | 1842<br>1851 <br>1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Nathaniel Greene Foster | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Know Nothing hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Alexander H. Stephens | | Democratic | 1843 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Elihu B. Washburne | | Republican | 1852 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | James Hutchinson Woodworth | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Jesse O. Norton | | Republican | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | James Knox | | Republican | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Rep. William A. Richardson (D) resigned August 25, 1856, to run for governor of Illinois.<br>Democratic hold.<br>Winner was not candidate for unexpired term; see above. | nowrap |
|- ! | Thomas L. Harris | | Democratic | 1848<br>1850 <br>1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Rep. James C. Allen (D) resigned July 18, 1856, amid election contest.<br>Democratic hold.<br>Winner was not candidate for unexpired term; see above. | nowrap |
|- ! | colspan=3 | Vacant | | Rep.-elect Lyman Trumbull (D) was later elected U.S. senator and took office March 4, 1855.<br>Democratic hold.<br>Winner was not candidate for unexpired term; see above. | nowrap |
|- ! | Samuel S. Marshall | | Democratic | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Smith Miller | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | William Hayden English | | Democratic | 1852 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | George Grundy Dunn | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | William Cumback | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | David P. Holloway | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Lucien Barbour | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Harvey D. Scott | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Daniel Mace | | People's | 1851 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Schuyler Colfax | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Samuel Brenton | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | John U. Pettit | | People's | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Augustus Hall | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | James Thorington | | Whig | 1854 | | Incumbent lost renomination as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
See non-voting delegates, below.
|- ! | Henry Cornelius Burnett | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | John P. Campbell Jr. | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent withdrew.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Warner Underwood | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Albert G. Talbott | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Joshua Jewett | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | John Milton Elliott | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Humphrey Marshall | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Alexander Keith Marshall | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Leander Cox | | Know Nothing | 1853 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Samuel F. Swope | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | George Eustis Jr. | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Miles Taylor | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Thomas G. Davidson | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | John M. Sandidge | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | John M. Wood | | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | John J. Perry | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Ebenezer Knowlton | | Republican | 1854 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Samuel P. Benson | | Republican | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Israel Washburn Jr. | | Republican | 1850 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Thomas J. D. Fuller | | Democratic | 1848 | | Incumbent retired.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
Elections were held November 3âÂÂ4, 1857.
|- ! | James A. Stewart | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | James B. Ricaud | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | James Morrison Harris | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | Henry Winter Davis | | Know Nothing | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | Henry W. Hoffman | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br>Democratic gain. | nowrap | |- ! | Thomas F. Bowie | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Robert B. Hall | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | James Buffinton | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | William S. Damrell | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Linus B. Comins | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Anson Burlingame | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Timothy Davis | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Nathaniel P. Banks | | Know Nothing | 1852 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Chauncey L. Knapp | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Alexander De Witt | | Know Nothing | 1852 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Calvin C. Chaffee | | Know Nothing | 1855 <small>(special)</small> | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Mark Trafton | | Know Nothing | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | William A. Howard | | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Henry Waldron | | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | David S. Walbridge | | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | George W. Peck | | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br>Republican gain. | nowrap |
Minnesota Territory elected three members in advance of Minnesota's 1848 statehood. "Although three men won this election, which was held before Minnesota was actually a state, only two representatives from Minnesota were allowed in the congressional bill creating the state in 1858. George L. Becker lost in the drawing of lots to decide who would present their credentials, therefore he did not serve in Congress."
|- ! rowspan=2 | <br/> | colspan=3 | None | | New state would be admitted May 11, 1858.<br/>Democratic gain. | rowspan=2 nowrap |
|- | colspan=3 | None | | New state would be admitted May 11, 1858.<br/>Democratic gain.
Elections held late, from October 5 to 6, 1857.
|- ! | Daniel B. Wright | | Democratic | 1853 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Hendley S. Bennett | | Democratic | 1855 | | Incumbent lost renomination.<br/>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | William Barksdale | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | William A. Lake | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | John A. Quitman | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
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See non-voting delegates, below.
|- ! | James Pike | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. |- ! | Mason Tappan | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain. |- ! | Aaron H. Cragin | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br/>Republican gain.
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See non-voting delegates, below.
|- ! | Thomas B. Florence | | Democratic | 1850 | Incumbent re-elected. |nowrap | |- ! |Job R. Tyson | | Whig | 1854 | |Incumbent retired.<br />Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |William Millward | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |Jacob Broom | | Know Nothing | 1854 | |Incumbent retired.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |John Cadwalader | | Democratic | 1854 | |Incumbent retired.<br />Democratic hold. |nowrap | |- ! |John Hickman | | Democratic | 1854 |Incumbent re-elected. |nowrap | |- ! |Samuel C. Bradshaw | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |J. Glancy Jones | | Democratic |nowrap | |Incumbent re-elected. |nowrap | |- ! |Anthony E. Roberts | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |John C. Kunkel | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |James H. Campbell | | Opposition | 1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |Henry M. Fuller | | Opposition |nowrap | | |Incumbent retired.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |Asa Packer | | Democratic |1852 | |Incumbent retired.<br />Democratic hold. |nowrap | |- ! |Galusha A. Grow | | Democratic |1850 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |John J. Pearce | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent retired.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |Lemuel Todd | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |David F. Robison | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent retired.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |John R. Edie | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |John Covode | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |Jonathan Knight | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent lost re-election as a Republican.<br />Democratic gain. |nowrap | |- ! |David Ritchie | | Opposition |1852 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |Samuel A. Purviance | | Opposition |1854 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |John Allison | | Opposition |nowrap | | |Incumbent retired.<br />Republican gain. |nowrap | |- ! |David Barclay | | Democratic |1854 | |Incumbent retired.<br />Democratic hold. |nowrap | |- ! |John Dick | | Opposition |1852 | |Incumbent re-elected as a Republican.<br>Republican gain. |nowrap |
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|- ! | Albert G. Watkins | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | William H. Sneed | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Know Nothing hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Samuel A. Smith | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | John H. Savage | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Charles Ready | | Know Nothing | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | George W. Jones | | Democratic | 1842 | Incumbent re-elected. | George W. Jones (Democratic) 100%
|- ! | John V. Wright | | Democratic | 1855 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Felix Zollicoffer | | Know Nothing | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Emerson Etheridge | | Know Nothing | 1853 | |Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Thomas Rivers | | Know Nothing | 1855 | |Incumbent retired.<br/>Democratic gain. | nowrap |
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|- ! | George T. Hodges | | 1856 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Republican hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Justin S. Morrill | | Whig | 1854 | | Incumbent re-elected as a Republican. | nowrap |
|- ! | Alvah Sabin | | Whig | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Muscoe R. H. Garnett | | Democratic | 1856 <small>(special)</small> | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | John Millson | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | John Caskie | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | William Goode | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | Thomas S. Bocock | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | Paulus Powell | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | William Smith | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | Charles J. Faulkner | | Democratic | 1853 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | John Letcher | | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | Zedekiah Kidwell | | Democratic | 1853 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Democratic hold. | nowrap | |- ! | John S. Carlile | | Know Nothing | 1855 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br />Democratic gain. | nowrap | |- ! | Henry A. Edmundson | | Democratic | 1849 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap | |- ! | Fayette McMullen | | Democratic | 1849 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Daniel Wells Jr. | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>Republican gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Cadwallader C. Washburn | | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | Charles Billinghurst | | Republican | 1854 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |
|- ! | John Wilkins Whitfield | | Democratic | 1854<br/>1856 <br/>1856 | | Re-elected in 1855 before seat was vacated.<br/>Won special 1856 election.<br/>Democratic hold. | nowrap |
|- ! | Henry Mower Rice | | Democratic | 1852 | | Incumbent retired.<br/>New delegate elected.<br/>Democratic hold.<br/>District eliminated in 1858 upon Minnesota's statehood. | nowrap |
|- ! | Bird Chapman | | Democratic | 1854 | | Incumbent lost re-election.<br/>New delegate elected August 3, 1857.<br/>Independent Democratic gain. | nowrap |
|- ! | Joseph Lane | | Democratic | 1851 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |